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Thanks to Subaru for partnering with us on this SciShow mini series.
感谢Subaru和我们合作推出本期SciShow迷你系列。
The all new 2020 Subaru Outback helped us stay comfortable during filming.
2020全新Subaru Outback让我们在拍摄期间感觉舒适。
Welcome back to Washington! This is the final episode in our mini-series about the geology of Olympic National Park!
欢迎回到华盛顿！这是我们关于奥林匹克国家公园地质迷你系列的最后一集！
So far, we've talked about Mt. Olympus and an ancient island that transformed Washington and now, it's time for one last story.
到目前为止，我们已经讨论了奥林匹斯山和一座改变了华盛顿的古老岛屿，现在，是时候讲最后一个故事了。
Stefan, let's hit the beach! Oh yeah!
斯蒂芬，开始去海边玩吧！
Last week when we were at Rialto Beach, you might have noticed a bunch of cool rock towers in the background.
上周我们在里亚尔托海滩时，你可能注意到了背景中有一堆很酷的石塔。
Those are called sea stacks, and these beaches in western Washington are famous for them.
这些被称为海蚀柱，这些位于华盛顿西部的海滩以它们而闻名。
But these rocks don't just look cool. They also tell a fascinating story about how this landscape has changed over the last few centuries.
但是这些岩石不仅看起来很酷！它们还讲述了一个关于这片土地在过去几个世纪里是如何变化的美妙故事。
Welcome to Ruby Beach! We figured that while we were in Washington, we should visit at least two place that have sea stacks.
欢迎来到红宝石海滩！我们认为，在华盛顿期间，我们应该参观至少两个有海蚀柱的地方。
I mean, like, when in Rome…right? Something like that. Anyway!
我是说，在罗马的时候……对吧？就像这样。算啦。
So, behind us, are some of Ruby Beach's famous sea stacks. Sea stacks can be made of all kinds of rock,
在我们身后，是红宝石海滩著名的海蚀柱。海蚀柱可以由各种岩石构成，
but the ones here are generally made of the sedimentary rock breccia and mostly-volcanic conglomerate.
但这里的普遍是由沉积岩、角砾岩和火山砾岩构成的。
Basically, that means they're made of a bunch of rocks that got cemented together.
基本上，这意味着它们是由一堆岩石粘在一起构成的。
Meanwhile, the ones over at Rialto Beach are made of volcanic basalt,
与此同时，狼人海滩的海蚀柱由火山玄武岩、
sedimentary sandstone, and conglomerate, depending on where you look.
沉积砂岩和砾岩构成，这就取决于你站在哪里看了。
Exactly what the stacks are made of doesn't matter that much, but the important thing to know
这些蚀柱到底由什么构成其实没那么重要，但是重要的是要知道
is that these sea stacks are made of harder rock than the stuff you tend of finding on the mainland.
这些海蚀柱是由比在大陆上发现的那些更坚硬的岩石构成的。
And that's important because of how sea stacks are formed in the first place.
因为海蚀柱的形成，所以这一点很重要。
Sea stacks form because of something called preferential erosion.
由于某些被称为优惠侵蚀的东西，海蚀柱形成了。
You start off with a headland, or a piece of the coast that juts out into the ocean.
从一个岬角开始，或者从一片伸入大海的海岸开始。
As the ocean waves come in, they get bent around the headland and end up hitting the coast in specific spots.
当海浪涌来的时候，它们会在海岬处弯曲，最后在特定的地点撞击海岸。
And that's where the trouble starts. Or the fun.
麻烦就从这里开始的，或者说是乐趣。
If the area where the waves hit is made of softer rock, or made of a rock that contains some kind of fracture, the waves will erode it.
如果受到海浪冲击的区域是由较软的岩石构成的，或者是由含有某种裂缝的岩石构成的，海浪就会侵蚀它。
That leads to small indents in the headland, and then small caves, and then eventually, the water cuts straight through.
这导致了岬角上的小凹痕，然后是小洞穴，最后，水径直穿过。
And then you're left with a sea arch!
然后你就留下了一个海蚀柱！
You can find sea arches all over the place, but it's not like erosion stops once that arch is formed.
你会发现到处都是海拱，但并不是说一旦形成了海拱，侵蚀就会停止。
The waves continue to erode the rock, and over time the arch can get bigger until it eventually collapses into sea stacks.
海浪继续侵蚀着岩石，随着时间的推移，海拱会越来越大，直到最终坍塌成海蚀柱。
But the rock composition isn't the only variable. According to a cool model published in 2014, the beach in front of the sea stack is important, too.
但岩石成分并不是唯一的变量。根据2014年发布的一个很酷的模型，海蚀柱前的沙滩也很重要。
The model found that really wide beaches tend to prevent sea stacks from forming, because they act as protective barriers.
该模型发现，宽阔的海滩可以防止海蚀柱的形成，因为它们起到了保护屏障的作用。
Basically, the waves crash against the beach and don't actually hit the headland.
基本上，海浪冲击着海滩，实际上并没有击中海岬。
Meanwhile, really narrow beaches can encourage sea stacks to form.
与此同时，狭窄的海滩会促进海蚀柱的形成。
In that case, the water picks up all the sand and other sediment, and it rubs against the headland kind of like sandpaper.
在这种情况下，海水会带走所有的沙子和其他沉淀物，然后像砂纸一样在海岬上摩擦。
So erosion happens faster. Over all, this means that, if Ruby Beach were a lot wider, we might not have these rocks to look at!
所以侵蚀速度加快。总的来说，这意味着，如果红宝石海滩更宽，我们可能就没有这些岩石可以看了！
So, the sea stacks at Olympic National Park are really cool, but that's not the only place you can find them.
所以奥林匹克公园的海蚀柱非常酷，但这里不是可以发现它们的唯一地方。
They're all over the world, from Scotland to Australia. And when you do find them, they can tell you somethings about the place you are visiting.
它们在世界的各个地方，从苏格兰到澳大利亚。当你发现它们时，它们可以告诉你一些关于这个地方的事情。
For one, at the most basic level, you can learn where the coastline used to be.
其一，最基本的是，你可以了解这个海岸线过去在哪里。
Because anywhere there's a sea stack — well, that used to be part of the mainland!
因为有海蚀柱的地方—过去属于大陆的一部分！
Sea stacks also tell you that waves are mainly approaching the coast head-on, rather than on an angle.
海蚀柱也告诉你，海浪主要是正面接近海岸，而不是从某个角度。
When the waves come in sideways, they erode mostly one side of a headland, and that makes it a lot harder for sea stacks to form.
当海浪从侧面涌来时，它们主要侵蚀岬角的一侧，这使得形成海蚀柱的难度大大增加。
And finally, sea stacks tell you that there's a sort of balanced system happening here.
最后，海蚀柱能告诉你这里发生着某种平衡体系。
Kind of like we talked about in the Mt. Olympus episode earlier on this trip!
有点像是我们在奥林匹斯山那一集里谈论那些！
If you find a sea stack, you know there's a good amount of sediment moving around and eroding the cliffs,
如果你发现了一个海蚀柱，你就会知道有大量的沉积物在周围移动，侵蚀着悬崖，
but not so much that it forms a wide protected beach that prevents erosion.
但是不足以形成一个大的保护海滩来防止侵蚀。
So, generally, when you find a sea stack, there won't be some kind of huge sprawling beach stretching way out into the water.
所以通常，当你发现一个海蚀柱时，不会有什么巨大的沙滩一直延伸到海里。
Instead, you're more likely to see something like this! So while sea stacks are pretty cool, but they won't last forever —
相反，你更有可能看到这样的东西！所以虽然海蚀柱非常酷，但它们不用永远存在——
probably not more than a few hundred years, depending on how big they are and what they're made of.
可能不超过几百年，这取决于它们的大小和它们的构成物质。
They're a reminder that the land around you is constantly changing, and that there's a lot you can learn if you know what to look for.
它们提醒着我们，我们周围的土地在不断变化，并且如果你知道要找什么，你可以学到很多东西。
But… there's one more thing we should mention about sea stacks. Because while they are really nice to look at, they are also kind of dangerous.
但关于海蚀柱，还有一点需要提及。因为虽然它们看起来很美，但它们也有些危险。
It's true. Like, in the late 1800s, one ship near Rialto Beach got caught in some rough waves and foggy weather.
这是真的。比如在19世纪后期，一艘船在里亚托海滩附近遇到了巨浪和大雾天气。
Someone on the board saw a sea stack through the fog and thought it was another boat,
船上的人透过大雾看到了一个海蚀柱，他们以为那是另一艘船，
so they decided to steer toward it… and ended up crashing.
所以他们决定朝着它的方向开去，最终与海蚀柱相撞。
There have actually been over a hundred shipwrecks off the coast of Washington,
事实上，在华盛顿海岸已经发生了一百多起沉船事故，
due to sea stacks, rough waters, tons of fog, and reefs are hiding just under the waves.
原因是海蚀柱、汹涌的海水、大雾，以及隐藏在海浪下面的珊瑚礁。
So while these are nice to look at during the daytime…
所以虽然在白天，它们看起来很美......
We're going to stick to dry land. And on that note, we should probably head back to the car and tell Hank we're about done here!
我们将坚持旱地。说到这里，我们也许应该回到车上，告诉汉克我们的任务差不多完成了！
That sounds great! So until next time, thank you for joining us on our road trip!
这听起来很棒！下次节目再见，谢谢大家参加我们的自驾游！
Thanks to Subaru for partnering with us for this three-part road trip series,
感谢Subaru与我们合作公路旅行系列，
and for lending the support of an all-new 2020 Subaru Outback.
并提供了全新的2020Subaru Outback的支持。
We had to drive a lot to make these episodes, both inside Olympic National Park and out,
为了制作这些剧集，我们需要用车，无论是在奥林匹克国家公园内还是在户外，
and all the features of the outback help make our trip a lot easier.
以及Outback的所有特色都让我们的旅程更加轻松。
My favorite feature was the roomy cargo space! We fit our luggage and even film gear easily.
我最喜欢的特点是宽敞的载货空间，它可以轻松容纳我们的行李和摄影设备。
And with the hands-free power rear gate, I didn't have to put my bags down on the wet ground to open the door.
而且有了自动后箱栏板，我不必把包放在潮湿的地面上就可以开门。
Which is always a struggle, right?
这种是很讨厌，对吧？
If you want to learn more about the 2020 Subaru Outback, you can check out the link in the description.
如果想更多的了解2020 Subaru Outback，可以点击下方链接。
