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And it just so happened there was another, safer way to make matches, which was discovered around 1850.
碰巧还有另一种更安全的方法，大约在1850年被发现。
The key is red phosphorus, another form of pure phosphorus.
关键是红磷，另一种形式的纯磷。
Its atoms are arranged differently, which means it doesn't react chemically the same way white phosphorus does
它的原子排列方式不同，这意味着它的化学反应不同于白磷
so it doesn't cause phossy jaw and therefore isn't dangerous to factory workers.
因此它不会导致磷毒性颌骨坏死，因此不会对工厂工人造成危险。
There is another benefit to red phosphorus, too:
红磷还有另一种益处：
You can use it to make safety matches these matches only light if you strike them on the box.
你可以用它来做安全火柴，这些火柴只有在你在盒子上擦的时候才会亮。
In safety matches, the match itself doesn't actually contain any phosphorus.
这种安全地火柴本身并不含有任何磷。
Instead, the box is coated in red phosphorus and powdered glass, while the match head's ingredient is usually potassium chlorate.
相反，火柴盒上覆盖着红磷和玻璃粉末，而火柴头的成分通常是氯酸钾。
When you strike the match on the box, the friction with the powdered glass
当你在盒子上划火柴时，与粉末玻璃的摩擦产生足够的热量，
generates enough heat to turn a tiny amount of the red phosphorus into white phosphorus.
把少量的红磷变成白磷。
Then, this miniscule amount of white phosphorus ignites those are the sparks you see as you strike the match
然后微量白磷点燃你划火柴时的花火
and the heat from that ignites the potassium chlorate on the match head. And, finally, you get the flame.
并且花火的热量点燃火柴头上的氯酸钾。最终你得到了火焰。
Now, despite all this, it took a long time for red phosphorus matches to go mainstream.
尽管如此，红磷火柴花了很长时间才成为主流。
That's partly because it wasn't until 1906 that multiple countries came together and signed a treaty banning white phosphorus matches.
部分原因是直到1906年，多个国家才联合签署了禁止白磷火柴的条约。
Even then, the US was not among the signatories so they kept making them for another twenty-five years.
即便在那时，美国也不是签署国之一，所以在接下来的25年中，他们继续使用制作白磷火柴。
Now, there are also other industries that use white phosphorus, so changing over matches didn't completely eliminate its use.
现在也有其他行业使用白磷，所以更换火柴并没有完全消除白磷的使用。
Still, as match factories switched to red phosphorus, the number of new cases of phossy jaw dropped dramatically.
随着火柴工厂改为使用红磷，新增磷毒性颌骨坏死病例急剧下降。
At least, until around 2003. See, in the 1990s, doctors started prescribing bisphosphonates to treat certain types of bone disease like,
至少直到2003年。在20世纪90年代，医生开始使用双磷酸盐类药物来治疗某些类型的骨病，
metastatic cancers that spread to the bone from other parts of the body.
比如从身体其他部位扩散到骨骼的转移性癌症。
Researchers still aren't totally sure how bisphosphonates help,
研究人员仍不完全确定二磷酸盐如帮助这类疾病，
but they think it has something to do with keeping healthy bone cells from being replaced by damaged ones.
但他们认为这与防止健康的骨细胞被受损的骨细胞所取代有关。
But then, the jawbones of some of the patients started dying.
但是之后，一些病人的下颚骨开始坏死。
Scientists quickly made the connection to the phossy jaw of the late nineteenth century,
科学家们很快就将其与19世纪晚期的磷毒性颌骨坏死联系起来，
and realized the tissue death was a side effect of the medication. So, they decided to call this new disease bis-phossy jaw.
并意识到细胞死亡是该药物的一个副作用。所以他们决定称这种新疾病为双磷毒性颌骨坏。
And it is still a thing. For a lot of patients, the benefits of bisphosphonates outweigh the risk of developing bis-phossy jaw,
对很多病人来说，双膦酸盐的好处超过了患上双磷毒性颌骨坏的风险，
so they're still being prescribed. And thanks in part to the match factory workers way back when,
所以医生仍在开这种药。在某种程度上，多亏了很久以前火柴厂的工人们，
we know a lot about what symptoms to look out for when someone is at risk.
我们才知道当有人处于危险中时应该注意哪些症状。
It may have taken a long time for the world to recognize the extent of the exploitation of those factory workers,
也许过了很长一段时间，世界才认识到对这些工厂工人的被剥削程度，
but over 130 years later, the legacy of the matchstick girls lives on. Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
但130多年后，这些火柴女孩的遗产仍在。感谢收看本期节目！
If you enjoyed this stroll through science history, you might also like our episode on that time the US government poisoned booze.
如果你喜欢这类科学历史，你可能也会喜欢我们那期关于美国政府毒酒的节目。
And maybe consider clicking on that subscribe button… We put out a new video every day,
或许可以考虑订阅我们的频道...我们的栏目每天上新，
so you can count on us to feed your hunger for science knowledge.
所以你可以指望我们来满足你对科学知识的渴望。
