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Hi, everybody. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
大家好，欢迎来到英格威学习网。我是亚当。
Today's video is about the prepositions: "under", "below", "beneath", and "underneath".
今天我们学习介词：under，below，beneath，和underneath。
Now, I know that some people have a problem distinguishing or knowing which one to use in what context,
我知道有些人不知道怎么区分它们，或者在什么情况下使用它们。
so we're going to look at all of them and see which situations call for which prepositions, and which situations you can mix them up.
那我们就看看所有这四个词，看看什么情况需要用哪个介词，在那些情况下你可以混合使用它们。
Because in many cases you can use "under" or "beneath", for example, or: "under" or "below".
比如，你在很多情况下都可以使用under或beneath，或者under或below。
So, some situations you can mix them; other situations you can't. So let's start with "under".
所以，在一些情况下你可以混合使用他们，在其他情况下你不能。所以让我们以under开始吧。
When do I use "under"? When we talk about a lower level or a lower layer, in terms of space, like...
在什么时候使用under呢？在表达空间时，当我们谈论较低的水平或者较低的层次时，比如...
So, "spatial" is the adjective of "space", so when we're comparing space, one is lower than the other. Okay?
spatial是space的形容词形式，当我们比较空间时，有一个比另一个低。
But, so... "The ball rolled under the car." Generally, when we have some sort of movement, we're going to use probably "under",
但是，“球在汽车下面滚”。通常来说，当我们表达某种运动时，我们可能要使用under。
although we can sometimes say: "The ball rolled beneath the car."
尽管我们有时会使用beneath。
We're going to look at the difference between "under" and "beneath" after. So, in this case, you can use: "under", you can use other ones.
在后面我们会看一下under和beneath的区别。所以在这种情况下，你可以使用under，也可以使用其它的介词。
But in a situation... Now, when I say: "situation" or "condition", it's usually about people. Okay?
但是在一种情况下...当我说处境和情况时，通常是关于人的。
When somebody is feeling a particular thing or is in a particular condition or state of mind, we're going to use "under".
当某人感受到一些特别的事情或者处于一个特别的情况或者心境时，我们就会使用under。
So: "He's under a lot of pressure", means it's the weight of the condition is making him down or is heavy on top of him. Okay?
他的压力很大，这种重量让他很累或者压在他身上。
So: "He's under a lot of pressure." Numbers. When we talk about age or quantity, we're going to use: "under", not the other prepositions.
他压力很大。数字。当我们讨论年龄或者数量时，我们要使用under，而不是其他介词。
"This bar is popular among the under-40 crowd." Basically, "under" means less than or fewer than-right?-when we're talking about numbers.
这个酒吧很受40岁以下人群的欢迎。基本上，under意思是少于多少-当我们谈论数字的时候。
In terms of quantity: "Under 20 people actually showed up to the party", means less than; fewer than 20 people showed up.
关于数量：“少于20人来到了派对上。意思是少于，少于20人出现了。
We can also use "under" as a prefix, means we can add it to under... Other words. Sorry.
我们也可以使用under作为前缀，意思是我们可以把它加在其他的词汇前面。
We can use it to under... Other words... Not "underwear"; I have underwear on my mind.
我们在其他词汇里使用它...不是内裤，当然我想到了内裤。
Other words, and basically mean make them less; weakened, or less than, or other situations.
换言之，就是使他们更少、变弱或者少于的意思，或者其他情形。
So: "underweight". If someone is underweight, they are less than the healthy weight. Right?
underweight。如果某人体重不足，他们比健康的体重要轻。好吧？
So this is the... What you should be, and if you're underweight, you're pretty thin. Right?
这就是...你应该这么重，如果你体重不足，你就相当瘦。
You should eat more. If you "underestimate"... So, you notice I can use it with a noun or with a verb, or adjective.
你应该多吃。如果你低估...你注意到我可以让它和名词或者动词或者形容词一块使用。
I'll give you other examples after. If you underestimate something or someone, means you don't give them enough credit;
我待会给你举一些其他的例子。如果你低估了什么事情或者什么人，意思是你没有给他们足够的赞扬。
you don't appreciate them or it at the place where it should be. So, again, not enough. "Under" can also mean not enough.
你没有给他们合理的欣赏。所以说，不够。under也有不够的意思。
Now, let's look at "below". So we looked about lower level, etc.
现在我们看一下below。我们看一下较低的水平，等等。
When we use "below", we're still talking about relation of two things; one is lower than the other, but it's important to remember that usually it's on the same plane.
当我们使用below时，我们仍在讨论两个事物的关系，一个比另外一个更低级，但是重要的是要记得它们是在同一个平面上。
Now, "on the same plane" means the same spot in space. So if something is here and something is here, we don't say: "This is below that."
在同一个平面意味着在空间的同一个地方。如果两件事情不在一个地方，我们不会说，“这个低于那个。”
We can say: "It's under this", in terms of the rankings-okay?-but we don't say it's below.
我们可以说：“在排名方面，它低于这个，但是我们不用below。
So, the word "below" is written below the word "under", because why? We're on the same plane; we're looking at the whiteboard.
below这个词写到了under下面，为什么？我们处在同一平面上，我们看的是白板。
It's the same space and I have the same line, so this is below that. Okay? It's not under it; it's below it, in terms of the plane.
在同一个平面，我有同一条线，所以这个低于那个。而不是用under。在这个平面上，使用below。
We also can use "below" when we look at a reference point; in relation to a reference point. Now, what do I mean by "reference point"?
当我们看一个参考点时也可以使用below。相对于参考点来说。参考点是什么意思？
Here's the point where things get compared to. For example, average. "Average" is a reference point; it is not the highest, it is not the lowest.
这就是事情要比较的点。比如，平均值。平均值是一个参考点，它不是最高值，也不是最低值。
It is a combination of all the things on the spectrum or whatever, whatever you're comparing, and we take the average spot which is technically between highest and lowest.
它是这个范围上所有事情的组合，不管你是在比较什么，我们取的是平均位置，严格来说也就是介于最高和最低之间的位置。
So, if we're talking about cars and I'm looking at buying a new car, and I'm looking at all the different makers, like Mercedes,
所以，如果我们讨论汽车，我想买一辆新车，我考虑所有不同的制造商，比如奔驰，
I'm looking at Toyota, whatever - I look at all the prices, I add them all up, divide by the number of cars, and that's the average price of a new car.
比如丰田，我把所有价格加起来，除以汽车数量，这就是新车的平均价格。
So, now, do I want to spend somewhere below average or somewhere above average? So we use "below" with the reference point.
那么，现在，我是想要低于平均水平还是高于平均水平呢？所以我们使用below来搭配参考点。
More than this point, less than. "Below standards", so every company or every product has a certain standard; it must be at least this good.
高于参考点或者低于。低于参考点，每家公司或者每件产品都有特定的标准。它至少要这么好。
If it is below standard means it's not very good; it needs to be fixed, or replaced, or just thrown out. Okay?
如果它低于标准，它就不是很好，它需要修复或者替换，或者直接扔掉。
Now, another... Going back to the same plane, I forgot to mention: "The apartment below". So if I... Talking about my neighbour: "below". Why?
另外一个...回到同一平面上，我忘了提及：“下面的公寓。”如果我...谈论我的邻居：用below。为什么？
Because we're on the same plane in the building. Right? We're in the same line, and he is below me; there is a space between us. Okay? Okay.
因为我们在这座楼的同一个平面上，对吧？我们在同一条线上，他在我下面，我们之间有一个空间。
Sometimes... Sorry. I just will say, you can say: "The people in the apartment underneath", but we're going to talk about "underneath" in a second.
你可以说，在下面公寓的人，但是我们稍后再说underneath。
Let's talk about "beneath" first. In many cases, "beneath" and "under" can be mixed; are interchangeable.
让我们先来说beneath。在很多情况下，beneath和under可以混用，可以替换。
You can use either one. "Beneath" is just considered more formal than "under".
你可以使用任何一个。beneath只是比under更正式。
It's a little bit prettier, it's a little bit more sophisticated; they mean the same thing.
它有点更漂亮，有点更精致。是一个意思。
But generally speaking, when we're talking about something is a lower level, but it is touching, then we're going to use "beneath", if there's a certain touch.
但是通常来说，当我们谈论较低水平的东西时，但是它是接触的，我们就会使用beneath，如果存在某种接触。
Or if we're talking about the surface and something is under that surface, we're going to use "beneath".
如果我们谈论表面或者某个东西在表面之下，我们就用beneath。
So: "Beneath the sea". Beneath... The wire for this microphone is beneath my shirt.
在海下面。beneath...耳机线在我衬衫下面。
It's also under my shirt; we can use either way. But, generally, if it's under a surface or if it's touching, we use "beneath".
也可以用under。但是，通常来说，如果它在一个表面之下，或者它与之接触，我们就使用beneath。
Something... Like something that is masked, like we're talking about, again, people, they have emotions, their feelings - they have...
就像某件被遮盖的东西，就像我们谈论的人，他们有感情，有感觉，
They're hiding them, and what they have in the front for people to see is like a mask. Okay?
他们掩盖了它们，人们看到的他们就像是戴了面具。
That's why I said: "mask". So when we're talking about: "What's behind the mask?" we generally use "beneath".
这就是我为什么说面具。如果我们谈论：“面具背后是什么？”我们通常使用beneath。
"There's a sad person beneath that happy face." Sometimes you can use "behind",
那张笑脸之后是一个悲伤的人。有时候你可以使用behind。
sometimes you can use "beneath" because it's really under the skin; beneath the skin, beneath the surface. Okay?
有时你可以使用beneath，因为它真的在皮肤下面，在表面之下。
And when we're talking about level in terms of status.
当我们谈论地位方面的水平。
So, I am a politician and somebody accuses me of doing something, and I think that is such a crazy accusation, I'm not even going to answer.
我是一个政治家，有人控告我做了某件事情，我觉得那是一个疯狂的控告，我甚至都不会去回答。
That's beneath me. It's beneath my social level. If I go beneath my level, that means I'm coming to that person's level, which is really bad.
那将是低于我水平的事。低于我的社交水准。如果我要低于我的水准，那意味着我要降到那个人的水准，这真的很不好。
So if something is beneath me, it is beneath my social level.
所以如果某件事低于我的水准，它就低于我的水准。
If something is beneath contempt, or beneath my dignity, or beneath dignity, it means it is not worth my time; not only to answer it, or to even think about it.
如果某件事不值得我轻视，或者不值得我尊敬，或者不值得尊敬，那就意味着它不值得我花费时间；不仅是回答它，甚至是思考它。
I'm not... I'm not even going to get angry at the accusation because that's... That would make me as guilty as the person who made the accusation.
我不会...我甚至不会因为指控而生气，因为那是...那将使我和指控我的人一样有罪。
So, this is a very common use of "beneath". Now, "underneath" is not a combination of "under" and "beneath".
所以，这是beneath的一个非常普遍的用法。现在，underneath不是under和beneath的组合。
It's basically a more formal way of saying "under"; it is more emphatic. Okay?
它就是under的更正式的方式。语气更强。
So if I say: "The ball rolled under the car", I could say: "The ball rolled underneath the car", but I wouldn't normally.
球在汽车下面滚动。我可以说The ball rolled underneath the car，但是我通常不会。
People don't use "underneath" as often as they use "under". Okay?
underneath不如under常用。
Now, you can say underneath, something is touching, so: The puppy or the...
你可以用underneath，当某个东西是接触的。
I have a puppy and he jumped on to my bed, and: "Oh, where is he? I can't find him.
我有一只小狗，他调到了我的床上，他在哪里？我找不到他。
Oh, he's underneath the blanket." Okay. "He's under the blanket" also works. It's a bit more formal.
他在毯子下面。使用under也可以。它更正式一点。
So, now that we have the general idea of when to use these words, let's look at some sample sentences where you can mix them up.
所以，现在我们已经知道了什么时候使用这些词，让我们看看一些例句，你可以将它们混用。
Okay, so we're going to look at a few sample sentences.
我们来看几个例句。
Now, what I want you to see is that these words are sometimes interchangeable; and I can write many, many more samples, but they will all basically say the same thing.
现在，我想让你们看到的是这些词有时是可以互换的；我还可以写很多很多例子，但基本上都是一样的。
So: "He has five layers on under that jacket/beneath that jacket/underneath that jacket".
他的那件夹克下面穿了五层。
So imagine you're in... Living in Canada in the winter, you have a jacket,
想象一下你在...生活在冬天的加拿大，你有一件夹克，
under the jacket you have a sweater, under the sweater you have a turtle neck, under the turtle neck you have a t-shirt, under the t-shirt you have a tank top.
在夹克下面你有一件毛衣，在毛衣下面你有一件高领毛衣，在高领毛衣下面你有一件t恤，在t恤下面你有一件背心。
In Canada, you have to layer; you have to have many layers to keep all the heat inside.
在加拿大，你必须穿很多层；你必须穿很多层来保暖。
So: "He has five layers under that jacket", because it's underneath/beneath/underneath.
他夹克里面穿了五层。因为它在下面。
All of them mean basically the same thing; you can use any one you like. "Beneath/underneath" more formal; this one, a little bit more emphasis.
这些差不多都是一个意思，你可以使用任何一个。beneath和underneath更加正式一点，这个语气更强一点。
"The people in the apartment underneath", means directly underneath because it's touching; or: "The people in the apartment under us",
这些在下面公寓的人，意思是直接在下面，因为它是接触的，或者用under。
because technically it's lower level; "The people in the apartment below us",
因为严格来说它是较低的水平，在我们下面公寓的人。
because we're on the same plane - we're on the same area in terms of space... Vertical space.
因为我们在同一平面上，在空间层面来说，我们在同一片区域...垂直空间。
So: "The people in the apartment underneath us are so noisy." Any one of these will work.
公寓下面的人太吵了。这几个介词都可以。
And, again, the key is to remember that it's about the person who is listening to you, or the person who is reading what you're writing.
关键是听你说话的人，或者看你文字的人。
As long as they understand it, there's no such thing as right or wrong answer.
只要他们能理解它，就没有所谓的正确或错误的答案。
"Did you deliver the message clearly? Yes or no?" That's what you need to worry about.
你清晰地传达了信息了吗？有还是没有？这就是你需要担心的事情。
So, if you use either one, in this case, you're okay. "Tom is below Jane in the rankings."
如果你使用任意一个，在这个情况下，可以。汤姆在排名中低于简。
Now, notice I only used "below". Can I say: "under", can I say: "beneath"?
请注意我只用了below。我可以说under，我能说beneath吗？
No. In this case, rankings is basically a socially ranking; or in terms of sports, it's a placement.
在这个情况下，排名就是社会排名，或者在体育中，它是一种安排。
So in this case it's "below" because they're on the same list; they're on the same plane. Okay?
在这种情况下，用的是below，因为他们在同一个名单上，他们在一个平面上。
Where are we? "You might find the book under that pile of laundry/beneath that pile of laundry/underneath that pile of laundry".
在那堆衣服下面你可能找到那本书。
So, here's the laundry, all piled up, and under it or beneath it because it's touching, or underneath it because it's touching, are the books.
所以这是衣服，都堆了起来，在它下面，或者beneath或underneath，因为它是接触的。
Go digging, and you'll find them. So, again, in most cases, you can interchange.
继续找，你会发现他们的。在大多情况下，这些词可以混用。
If you want to be very, very precise and very, very specific, figure out which situations calls for which situations, which prepositions, and use those.
如果你想要非常、非常精确、非常、非常具体，弄清楚哪些情况需要哪些介词，然后使用它们。
So, I hope this was all very clear, and I hope you understood it and liked this lesson.
所以，我希望我讲的非常清楚，我希望你理解它，喜欢这一课。
If you did, please subscribe to my YouTube channel. And if you have any questions, please go to www.engvid.com.
如果你喜欢，请订阅我的油管频道。如果你有任何问题，请登录www.engvid.com。
There's a forum there; you can ask me all the questions you have and I'll be happy to answer them.
那里有一个论坛；你可以问我你所有的问题，我很乐意回答。
There's also a quiz on the engVid site where you can test your knowledge of these words.
网站上还有一个小测验，你可以在那里测试你对这些单词的认识。
And yeah, come back again; see us soon, and we'll learn some more English together. Bye-bye.
是的，下次再来；再见，我们将一起学习更多的英语。再见。
