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Psychopath or sociopath, both can cold but manipulatively charming and kind of emotionless.
精神变态和反社会型人格，两种人都可能很冷淡，控制欲很强但强地讨人喜欢，还有点儿冷漠。
But what is the difference between the two terms?
但这两种人有什么区别呢?
Hey guys, Julia here for DNews.
大家好，我是茱莉亚，欢迎收听本期DNews视频。
Until very recently “psychopath” and “sociopath” could be used interchangeably.
直到最近，“精神病患者”和“反社会者”这两个词都是可以通用的。
The terms described someone who was maybe aloof, manipulative, and just couldn’t empathize with other people.
这两个词描述的是那种可能很冷漠，控制欲很强，完全无法与他人产生共鸣的人。
But lately even Sherlock Holmes debates the difference,
然而，最近，夏洛克·福尔摩斯都讨论了两者的区别，
he tells his pesky coworker, “I'm not a psychopath, Anderson. I'm a high-functioning sociopath.”
他对他那令人厌烦的同事说，“我不是精神病，安德森。我只是能力超群的反社会人士。”
And scientists are also quick to draw a distinction.
科学家们也很快做出了区分。
Jack Pemment, a biology graduate student at the University of Mississippi, wrote in the journal Aggression and Violent Behavior,
密西西比大学生物学研究生杰克·佩门特发表在《攻击性及暴力行为》杂志上的研究称，
that “psychopathy is a developmental disorder that is associated with specific kinds of behavior”.
“精神病是一种与特定行为有关的发育障碍”。
Psychopathy is mostly biological.
很大程度是一个生物问题。
Psychopaths have abnormalities in the brain.
精神病患者的大脑存在发育异常的问题。
Although childhood upbringing might have some effect, a traumatic home life might reshape the growing brain.
尽管童年的教育可能会有一些影响，但创伤性的家庭生活可能会重塑发育中的大脑。
One study published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
一项发表在《人类神经科学前沿》杂志上的研究发现，
found that many areas of the brain associated with empathy fail to respond to emotional situations.
精神病患者大脑中许多与同理心有关的区域都无法对很多情绪状况做出反应。
The researchers used FMRI on 121 inmates in a medium security prison.
该研究的研究人员对121名中等安全监狱的囚犯进行了FMRI扫描。
They were shown situations where someone else is getting hurt like getting their fingers slammed in a car door.
研究人员向他们展示了其他人受伤的情景，比如手指被车门夹到。
(If you just winced when i said that, you are probably not a psychopath).
(如果我说这话时你抽搐了一下，那你就可能不是精神病患者)。
The researchers looked at brain regions associated with empathy for pain,
研究人员观察了与疼痛感相关的大脑区域，
regions like the anterior insula, the anterior midcingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, and the right amygdala.
如前岛叶，前扣带皮层，体感皮层和右杏仁核。
These areas activate when the inmates thought about themselves in pain.
囚犯想到令他们痛苦的事情时，这些区域就会活跃起来。
But these area failed to activate when they saw someone else in pain.
但当他们看到其他人陷入疼痛时，这些区域并没有激活。
But another area did light up, the ventral striatum, an area that might be associated with pleasure.
另外一个区域，也就是腹侧纹状体却亮了起来，而这个区域可能与快乐有关。
So yeah psychopathic brains kind of like when other people are in pain.
也就是说，嗯，可以说精神病患者是喜欢看别人痛苦的。
Psychopaths also respond to rewards more strongly than most people,
发表在《自然神经科学》杂志上的一篇研究显示，
according to research published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.
精神变态者对奖励的反应也比大多数人更激烈。
Their brains release four times more dopamine in response to drugs like amphetamine.
服用安非他明(苯丙胺)等药物后，他们的大脑释放的多巴胺是普通人的四倍。
So they seek a reward, like drugs or maybe that CEO position, no matter what the cost.
所以他们会不计代价地寻求毒品或者CEO职位之类的奖励。
Sociopaths on the other hand, still exhibit many of the same personality traits like manipulation and disregard of others’ feelings,
另一方面，尽管反社会人士也会表现出许多相同的人格特征，比如控制欲和缺乏同理心，
but not because they don’t have any sense of morality like psychopaths,
但他们之所以这样并不是因为他们和精神病患者一样缺乏道德，
it’s that their moral compass might be a little off the mark.
而是因为他们的道德罗盘可能有点跑偏了。
This could be because of upbringing or a belief system.
更深层次的原因则可能是他们的成长经历或者信仰出了问题。
Pemment used the example of Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 people in Norway.
佩门特举了安德斯·布雷维克的例子，此人曾在挪威杀害了77条人命。
He did it not because he felt like it and didn’t care about those people,
他这么做并不是因为他喜欢杀人，对那些人毫不在意，
which I mean he probably didn’t, but that wasn’t his reason for it.
我的意思是他可能对他们毫不在意，但这并不是他杀人的原因。
His reason was tied to his belief system.
真正的原因和他的信仰体系有关。
He saw himself as a martyr for his cause.
他把自己看作信仰的殉道者。
And Pemment wonders if these beliefs might change the brain
佩蒙德想知道这些信念是否会改变一个人的大脑，
or if the sociopathic brain might be inherently wired differently.
或者反社会人格的大脑是否天生就和常人不同。
He suggests that more research is needed.
他表示，这个问题还需要进一步研究。
Sherlock Holmes, while not a mass murder, tries to do what he thinks is right,
夏洛克·福尔摩斯虽然不是杀人狂魔，但他在按照自己的判断行事时，
but he goes about it by lying and manipulating because he really struggles to empathize with anyone.
为了达到目的，他会不惜撒谎或控制他人，因为他真的很难对他人产生同理心。
So basically, the both psychopaths and sociopaths have brains wired a bit differently from the rest of us.
所以，大体而言，精神病和反社会人士的大脑构造和其他人都有一点不同。
but psychopaths don’t have a sense of right and wrong and don’t feel fear.
区别是精神病患者没有对与错的感知，也不会感觉到恐惧。
While sociopaths do understand right from wrong,
而反社会人士是能够明辨是非的，
but their right might just look a little wrong to the rest of us.
但他们眼里的对错或许和我们其他人的认知有那么一点点不同。
So maybe Sherlock is right - maybe he really is a high-functioning sociopath.
所以，或许，夏洛克是对的，也许他真的就是一个能力超群的反社会人士。
Now that you’ve watched this video, do you understand the difference a little better?
现在，看完这个视频，你对两者的区别有更清楚的了解了吗？
Let us know if there are other topics you want us to explain and maybe we’ll make a video about it.
如果还有其他你想让我们解释的话题，请告诉我们，说不定我们真的就做了噢。
By the way, if you love DNews as much as I love making it
对了，你像我喜欢制作本栏目的视频一样喜欢观看本栏目的视频的话，
then take just a second, and click the link in the description to nominate us for a Streamy Award.
那就花点时间，点击详情里的链接来助力我们拿下流媒体奖吧。
We bring you science every day, and we do it because we love it,
我们会每天为大家带来科学视频，一切都是因为热爱，
but together we can spread the love of science around!
但你可以和我们一起传播对科学的爱啊！
Thanks for watching DNews. Don't forget to hit those likes and subscribe and keep coming back here. We got new episodes everyday of the week.
感谢大家的收看。别忘了点赞订阅回来看我们的更新噢，每天都有新内容在等你噢。
