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Peer pressure is talked about so much that it can seem a little bit like a joke, especially when you're a teenager.
同伴压力被谈论得如此之多，以至于似乎有点可笑，尤其是当你还是青少年的时候。
But actually experiencing peer pressure can be so uncomfortable.
但实际上，同伴的压力会让人很不舒服。
Like, did you really want to run that 10K with your super athletic roommates?
比如，你真的想和你体格健壮的室友一起跑10公里吗?
Maybe not, but they just asked so many times that it was easier to go do it than listen to them ask again.
也许不想，只是他们问了很多次，去跑比听他们再问要来的容易。
You've probably been told that to resist peer pressure, you should "just say no," but surprise: that doesn't always seem to work.
你可能听人说过，你应该对同伴压力“直接说不”，但令人惊讶的是：这个办法似乎并不总是奏效。
And neither did that DARE program that was everywhere in the '90s.
90年代，这个大胆的计划不是很盛行。
Psychologically speaking, it totally makes sense that we'd want to give in to social norms—but that doesn't mean it's always a good thing.
从心理学的角度来说，屈服于社会规范完全说得通——但这并不意味着屈服总是一件好事。
Thankfully, researchers have come up with some better ideas for resisting peer pressure.
值得庆幸的是，研究人员已经想出了更好的方法来抵抗同伴压力。
So the next time your roommates try to drag you on a run, you'll be prepared.
所以下次你的室友想拖你去跑步的时候，你要做好准备。
Psychologists believe that we're basically hard-wired to want to feel like we belong.
心理学家认为，我们人类天生就想要有归属感。
After all, in our evolutionary past, cooperating with groups was necessary for people to survive.
毕竟，在进化史上，与群体合作是我们人类生存的本能。
Because of this, social norms have a huge effect on our behavior—especially ones called injunctive norms, which tell us how society thinks we should behave in certain situations.
正因为如此，社会规范对我们的行为产生巨大的影响——尤其是那些被称为禁令的社会规范，该规范告诉我们社会对我们在某些情况下应该如何表现的看法。
These norms aren't necessarily bad. For example, they're part of why you'd stop at a red light or pay a friend back when they loan you money.
这些规范不一定不好。例如，这就是为什么你会在红灯前停下来，或者在朋友借钱之后还钱的原因。
But following them can also cause us to act in risky or dangerous ways to fit in.
但是这些做法也会导致我们采取冒险或危险的方式去适应同伴。
In an early demonstration of this effect from 1968, 58 male college students were asked to fill out questionnaires about going to an urban school.
1968年，58名男性大学生被要求填写一份关于去城区学校的调查问卷。
Then, while they did, the room they were in started to fill with smoke.
然后，当他们这么填写的时候，他们所在的房间开始烟雾缭绕。
When the participants were in the room alone, most of them went to get help.
当参与者独自留在房间里时，他们中的大多数人去寻求帮助。
But when they were in groups, they were much less likely to.
但是当他们在一起的时候，就不太可能了。
Which seems… pretty weird.
看起来很奇怪。
One possible explanation for this is that the participants looked at other people's behavior to try and figure out how they should respond.
一种可能的解释是，参与者观察其他人的行为，试图找出他们应该如何回应。
If the other people didn't seem stressed by the smoke, they might have decided that it wasn't something they had to worry about.
如果其他人看起来并没有因为吸烟而感到压力，他们可能会认为这不是他们需要担心的事情。
Now, this was just an experiment, but things like this happen all the time in real life.
现在，这只是一个实验，但是像这样的事情在现实生活中经常发生。
Like, imagine you're hanging out with your buddies, and someone turns on the worst, most horrible-sounding music you can possibly imagine.
比如，你和你的朋友出去玩，有人打开了你能想象到的最糟糕最恐怖的音乐。
Except, you don't say anything, and neither does anybody else.
然而，你什么也不说，别人也不说。
So you're all just sort of politely sitting there, and you might come to the conclusion that your friends actually enjoy this terrible music, and maybe you're the problem.
所以你们都很有礼貌地坐在那里，你可能会得出结论，你的朋友实际上很喜欢这种糟糕的音乐，也许你就是问题所在。
Psychologists actually have a name for this concept: pluralistic ignorance.
心理学家给这个概念起了个名字：多元无知。
It's the idea that a group might feel a certain way, but nobody in the group realizes it because everyone is keeping their true feelings to themselves.
多元无知的意思是一个群体可能会有某种感觉，但群体中没有人意识到这一点，因为每个人都把自己的真实感受藏在心里。
Because of this, you might come to think a certain social norm exists—like that smoky rooms are totally normal—even if everybody else is secretly just as uncomfortable with the situation.
正因为如此，你可能会认为存在某种社会规范——比如烟雾缭绕的房间是完全正常的——即使其他人私下里也对这种情况感到不舒服。
Pluralistic ignorance can play a huge role in peer pressure,
多元无知在同伴压力中扮演着重要角色，
and psychologists have also suggested it might be a factor in the heavy drinking that often occurs on college campuses.
心理学家也指出，这可能是大学校园里经常发生酗酒现象的一个因素。
In a 1993 study at Princeton University, researchers asked 132 undergrads how they felt about drinking.
1993年普林斯顿大学的一项研究中，研究人员询问了132名本科生对饮酒的感受。
They also asked them how they thought the average student felt about it.
他们还询问了这些人对普通学生饮酒的看法。
Participants generally said that they felt less okay with heavy drinking at college than the hypothetical average student.
参与者普遍表示，他们对大学期间酗酒的接受程度低于假设的普通学生。
But turns out that this was actually something a lot of people said.
但事实上很多人都说过。
In other words, most people thought their peers were way more okay with heavy drinking than they actually were.
换句话说，实际上，大多数人认为他们的同龄人比他们自己更能接受酗酒。
Recent studies have also confirmed that pluralistic ignorance plays a role in all kinds of other situations, too, from cigarette smoking and drug use to beliefs about mental health treatments.
最新研究还证实，从吸烟、吸毒到对心理健康治疗的信念，多元无知在各种情况下发挥着作用。
So it's not only relevant to that lecture your high school teachers might have given you before you went off to college.
这不仅和高中老师在你上大学之前给你的讲座有关。
The nice thing is, though, this concept can also help you resist peer pressure.
不过，好处是，这个概念还可以帮助你抵抗来自同伴的压力。
See, people often give in to something because they assume everyone agrees it's right.
人们常常会屈服于某件事，因为他们认为每个人都同意这件事是对的。
So psychologists have suggested that, if you know about pluralistic ignorance, it might reduce the pressure you feel to conform with the group.
所以心理学家建议，如果你知道多元无知，它可能会减轻你与群体保持一致的压力。
And research has backed this up.
研究也证实了这一点。
In a 1998 study with 143 college students, knowing about pluralistic ignorance helped one group drink less, compared to students who didn't learn about it.
1998年对143名大学生进行的一项研究中，与不了解多元无知的学生相比，了解多元无知的一组学生饮酒较少。
And a 2018 study about gender norms showed similar results.
2018年的一项关于性别规范的研究结果也与此类似。
When men were shown that most people were in favor of gender equality,
研究结果显示，与被告知其他信息的小组相比，
they were more likely to say they supported it as well, compared to groups who were told something else.
大多数支持性别平等的男性更有可能说他们自己也支持这项研究。
While there may have been other variables at play in both of these studies,
虽然在这两项研究中可能还有其他变量在起作用，
this suggests that having a little psychology knowledge in your back pocket can totally help you out in the real world.
这表明，在你的口袋里有一点心理学知识可以完全帮助你在现实世界中摆脱困境。
It's like having a secret window into your friends' brains.
这就像有一个秘密的窗口进入你朋友的大脑。
So, the next time someone puts on that horrible playlist, speak up.
所以，下次有人放那张可怕的播放列表时，请大声说出来。
You may find that other people were just as uncomfortable as you were, but didn't want to be the first person to admit it.
你可能会发现其他人和你一样不舒服，但他们不想成为第一个承认这一点的人。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, and special thanks to our patrons on Patreon!
感谢收看本期心理科学秀节目，特别感谢Patreon对本节目的支持!
There's so much psychology to explore out there, and we're thankful for all of you who make it possible.
有太多的心理学有待探索，感谢所有人，是你们让这一切成为可能。
If you want to help us keep making episodes like this one, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想帮助我们继续制作这样的剧集，可以访问patreon.com/scishow。
