评论
打印
Hey, you know all those chores that you probably have to do? Dishes, laundry, vacuuming, yeah, they’re not important.
嘿，你知道吗？那些你可能必须得做的琐事，做饭啦，洗衣服啦，打扫卫生啦，嗯，其实都不重要。
You should probably just forget about them.
或许你应该甩手忘了它们。
I don’t know if you actually feel any more motivated now,
不知道你现在是否觉得有动力去做那些琐事了，
but reverse psychology is the idea that you can persuade someone to do something by telling them not to do it.
但逆反心理学就是你可以通过告诉人们不要做某件事来说服他们去做那件事的心理学原理。
It might seem like something that only works in cartoons, like a big red button that says "DO NOT PUSH."
虽然听着好像和那种大大的，上面写着“别按”的红色按钮一样只能在动画片里行得通。
But researchers have studied reverse psychology and it does seem to have an effect on real people in certain situations.
但研究人员已经研究过这种现象了，而且似乎在某些情况下确实能给人带来影响。
When scientists talk about reverse psychology, they focus on something called reactance.
谈论逆反心理学时，科学家们最关注的是所谓的“抗拒”反应。
You know that "you can’t tell me what to do!" feeling? That’s reactance.
知道“我做什么不用你来告诉我！”的感觉吧？那就是抗拒反应。
This idea was first proposed in 1966, in a paper on psychological reactance theory that synthesized a lot of thoughts and research about this internal process.
这一想法最早是1966年一篇关于心理抗拒理论的论文提出来的，论文综合了大量关于这一心理过程的思考和研究。
The author suggested that when we’re given instructions to do a particular thing, we feel our freedom of choice becoming restricted.
作者推论，当我们收到做某件事的指令时，就会觉得我们的选择自由受到了限制。
For example, on your own, you can choose to do whatever you want — watch a movie, go to the park, eat a corndog.
例如，就自己的话，你可以想做什么就做什么 - 看电影，去公园，吃玉米热狗。
But when you’re told to do something specific, your freedom to choose other things feels like it’s more limited.
但当你被告知做某件事时，你选择做其他事情的自由就受到了限制。
Psychologically, that can be uncomfortable.
就可能让你心理上觉得不舒服。
And that discomfort can motivate you to fight back to regain that freedom of choice.
而这种不适可能促使你做出抵抗反应，以重新获得选择的自由。
So you might disobey.
也即，你可能选择不服从。
Like, "No Mom, I’m not going to clean my room. I’m going to, probably sort my Magic: The Gathering cards!"
比如，“不，妈妈，我不会打扫房间的。我可能得整理整理我的魔法风云会卡片！” 这种反应。
If we are talking about me back in a high school.
就像我高中时那样。
Even if you didn’t even want to sort your Magic: The Gathering cards, more options lead to less discomfort.
即便你根本就不想整理什么魔法风云会的卡片，更多的选择也还是会减轻你的不适。
Of course, reverse psychology isn’t just a thing for rebellious kids.
当然了，逆反心理并不只是叛逆的孩子才会做出的举动。
The research is mixed on whether younger or older people might be more susceptible to stronger reactance,
到底是年轻人还是老年人更容易逆反，关于这一点的研究比较混杂，
and it’s tricky to compare ages because of other life factors.
因为还涉及到其他生活因素，所以进行年龄比较十分困难。
But psychologists do know that people of all ages experience reactance,
但心理学家确实知道所有年龄段的人都会有逆反心理，
and in lots of situations — from taking advice from a friend, to listening to a public health message.
而且，从征求朋友的建议，到收听公共卫生信息，很多时候人们都会有逆反心理。
For example, when the US drinking age was legally raised to 21 in the 1980s, psychologists noted behavioral changes between college students of different ages.
例如，心理学家注意到，20世纪80年代，美国将饮酒的法定年龄提高到21岁时，不同年龄的大学生行为上出现了不同的反应。
One survey looked at 3,375 college students during the academic year between 1987 and 1988.
一项调查研究了1987年至1988年学年期间的3375名大学生。
And they found that 81% of the students who were younger than 21 drank, versus 75% of students who were 21 and over.
发现年龄小于21岁的学生中有81％的人喝酒，而21岁及以上喝酒的学生比例为75％。
Underage students also reportedly drank more heavily.
据报道，未成年学生饮酒的问题也更严重了。
24% were considered more likely to make risky decisions or to be heavy drinkers — basically, having a lot of drinks fairly often.
小于21岁的大学生中，被认为可能做出冒险决定或成为重度饮酒者 -也即经常酗酒的人的比例高达24%。
Only 15% of legal drinkers were in this category.
而合法饮酒者中，对应的比例才15%。
You wouldn’t expect such a drastic difference without some cause.
这样强烈的差异是不会平白出现的。
And sure, there are a lot of factors that go into the decision to drink.
当然，影响一个人做出饮酒决定的因素很多。
But the researchers suggest that this trend was partially because students were reacting to limited freedom, to re-establish a sense that they could choose whether to drink or not.
但研究人员认为出现这种趋势部分原因在于学生们是在对有限的自由作出反应，想重新确立他们选择是否饮酒的自由的感觉。
Another survey looked at 2,142 students from 10 schools in 1990.
另一项调查研究了1990年10所学校的2142名学生。
And they saw significant differences in alcohol use if people were 21 or not, but not other drug use.
结果发现年龄在21岁以上还是以下饮酒的情况有着显著的差别，但其他药物的使用方面的情况并非如此。
The researchers say that further supports the idea of reactance, because the changing drinking age was a big deal to behavioral freedom.
研究人员说，这一发现进一步证实了逆反这一问题，因为合法饮酒年龄的调整对行为自由有很大的影响。
The kicker is, reactance can cause people to go against lots of best interests, even ignoring medical treatment plans from doctors.
问题是，逆反可能引起人们违背很多最高利益，甚至包括无视医生的医疗计划。
A 2014 study that looked at depressed patients found a strong link between high levels of reactance and refusal to take medications.
一项2014年针对抑郁症患者的研究发现，强烈的逆反心理和拒绝服用药物之间存在密切的联系。
119 psychiatric outpatients being treated for depression were asked to fill out a number of questionnaires,
接受抑郁症治疗的119名精神科门诊患者被要求填写一些调查问卷，
assessing their psychological reactance, how in control they felt, self-efficacy, and how well they were adhering to the medications they’d been prescribed.
问卷旨在评估他们的逆反水平，包括他们感觉自己的主动权有多大，自我效能如何，以及他们能够多大程度上谨遵医嘱等。
And their responses showed a distinct negative correlation between reactance and medication adherence.
他们的反应表明抗拒心理和谨遵医嘱之间存在明显的负相关关系。
In other words, stronger reactance meant they followed their treatment plan less.
换句话说，抗拒心理越强，遵循医嘱的时间就更少。
The authors of the study concluded that it might be helpful for mental health professionals to find ways to communicate with patients that avoid creating high levels of reactance.
作者总结到，这一发现或许可以帮助心理健康工作者找到与患者沟通，并且能够避免引起强烈的抗拒情绪的方法。
One strategy could be giving patients more tools to make decisions, instead of explicitly telling them to do or think something.
为患者提供更多决策工具，而不是明确地叫他们做或想某件事情或许也是个办法。
For example, Motivational Enhancement Therapy emphasizes patients’ freedom of choice.
比如，动机强化治疗就强调了患者的选择自由。
And these kinds of therapies are often used to treat cases of drug abuse or alcoholism.
这种疗法通常用在治疗药物滥用或酗酒上。
Rather than a therapist pushing a particular choice, like, "stop taking all those drugs, dude," the therapist and patient work through the pros and cons of each approach to the issue.
治疗专家和患者一起来对比每种疗法的好处和弊端，而不是由专家来做出某个决策，说“哥们儿，这些药都别吃了，”。
This way, the patient hopefully feels less limited, and reactance is less likely.
这样一来，患者就可能觉得束缚感没有那么强，做出抗拒反应的可能性也会降低。
Ideally, they’re more likely to carefully weigh all the strategies and choose to take steps towards recovery.
理想情况下，他们很可能会仔细权衡所有策略，然后选择逐步恢复健康。
We’ve all heard about this, you have to make people think it was their idea.
我们都听说过“要让他们觉得那就是他们自己的想法”这句话。
Reactance is just one of many factors that affects how likely someone is to take advice — it’s not a surefire way to persuade anyone.
抗拒心理只是影响某人接受建议的可能性的众多因素之一 - 并不能保证回回都能说服患者。
But if you’re feeling lucky with a stubborn nephew, who knows, maybe a little reverse psychology will do the trick.
但是，如果你有一个倔强的侄子，谁知道呢，也许用用逆反心理学就能搞定他哦。
Thank you for watching this episode of Scishow Psych!
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀视频！
If you enjoyed this video, definitely don’t leave a comment, and don’t you dare, don't you dare subscribe!
喜欢这个视频的话，一定不要给我们评论，而且我敢打赌，你绝对不敢订阅，绝对不敢！
