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You might have already guessed this if you clicked on this video,
如果你点开了这个视频，那你可能已经猜到了答案，
but we’ll be mentioning topics that some people might be more sensitive to, like assault.
但我们会提到部分人可能敏感不适的话题，比如侵犯。
That was a trigger warning.
这就是高能预警。
You’ve probably seen them before— maybe on your film class syllabus last semester,
这个概念大家可能已经知道了 - 你上个学期电影课课程大纲里可能就有，
giving people a heads up that one of the movies you’ll watch has a graphic scene depicting an assault.
为的是提醒大家接下来的电影会有关于侵犯的镜头。
Or in your sociology class, that you’ll be discussing race-related violence.
讨论种族暴力的社会学课上可能也出现过。
The idea behind trigger warnings is to let you know what’s coming,
高能预警背后的逻辑是告诉大家即将发生的事情，
so anyone who might find it more difficult because of their past experiences can avoid additional trauma.
从而避免给那些曾经有过痛苦经历因而可能觉得很难接受相关内容的人群造成二次伤害。
Warnings like these have become one of the most divisive things on college campuses—and on the internet.
在大学校园里以及互联网上，类似的预警已经成了争议最大的问题之一。
Some people think they’re important for creating safe and open spaces for everyone,
有些人认为，这种预警对于为所有人创造一个安全、开放的空间十分重要，
while others believe they coddle people and stifle free speech.
其他人则认为这种预警过其实是于娇惯大家，扼杀了言论自由。
Those arguments have more to do with people’s personal beliefs, so we won’t get into them here.
这些观点很大程度上与个人信仰有关，这个问题我们就先按下不表。
But at their core, trigger warnings are about psychology, which can give you a more objective way of considering whether they’re a good idea.
然而，就其核心而言，高能预警是一种能让大家更客观地考虑要不要看那些内容的心理策略。
It doesn’t mean there’s an obvious answer, though.
但这并不意味着就会有一个明显的答案。
The first thing to know is that triggers are very much a real thing for certain people.
首先要知道的是，导火线对于某些人是真实存在的。
Some of the core symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, are all about having a bad reaction to something that reminds a person of their trauma.
创伤后应激障碍，也即PTSD，的部分核心症状都跟患者无法顺利面对会让他们想起自己的创伤的事物有关。
That reaction can involve painful and distressing memories or flashbacks,
他们的反应可能包括痛苦的回忆，
where the person relives their trauma—what psychologists call intrusion symptoms.
重温过去的创伤——心理学家称之为“重新体验症状”。
Sometimes these symptoms happen all on their own,
有时，这些症状都是自己出现的，
but in many cases, certain words or images can serve as triggers.
但许多情况下，特定的话语或图像就是导火索。
So the goal of a trigger warning is to try and keep people with PTSD and related disorders from having to experience intrusion.
因此，高能预警的目标就是努力避免让PTSD患者和有相关疾病的人重新体验症状。
The thing is, human brains can be strange.
然而，问题是，人脑有时候很奇怪。
So while something obvious like a sexual assault scene in a movie might be a trigger for someone who’s been sexually assaulted,
比如，电影中的性侵镜头等显而易见的导火索有时的确能刺激到某个曾经有过被侵犯经历的人，
it also might not.
但也并非总是如此。
Researchers have found that triggers are highly specific to people, and are often things from right before the traumatic event--
研究人员发现，导火索跟个人有很大关系，并且通常都是创伤事件之前的某些事物 -
almost as if the brain is holding on to that information to protect itself.
就好像大脑想牢牢抓住这些信息来保护自己一样。
So, for example, one woman who was assaulted is triggered by doors, because her attacker stood in front of one right before the incident.
举个例子，一名曾被侵犯的女子会被门刺激到，因为案发前一刻侵犯她的人刚好就站在门前。
In another case, a man who was in a horrible car crash is triggered by bright sunlight, since he saw bright lights just beforehand.
而在另一起案件中，一名曾出过严重车祸的男子会被明亮的阳光刺激到，因为案发前他刚好也看到了明亮的光线。
This is where trigger warnings, whatever you think of them, aren’t going to help, because no one is going to think doors or sunny days at the beach require warnings.
这就是预警不起作用的原因， 不管你怎么想，毕竟，没有人会觉得门、晴天的沙滩也需要预警。
The triggers are just too idiosyncratic to predict.
因为导火线过于特殊，所以难以预测。
That doesn’t mean there’s no point in warning people about the more obvious ones, though.
然而，这并不意味着我们就没有必要对一些常见的导火索提出预警。
One study found that the majority of assault victims with PTSD were triggered by images of assaults.
一项研究发现，大多数被侵犯过后患有PTSD的受害者都会被侵犯的图像刺激到。
And a separate study found that the most common triggers for shooting victims were things you might expect, like loud noises and sirens.
另一项研究则表明，对经历过枪击的受害者而言，最常见的导火索就是很大的噪声、警报声等大家可能已经想到了的事物。
So, it seems like the types of things we usually slap trigger warnings on aren’t completely off base—
所以，通常被我们划入预警的那些事物之所以被划入预警范围也并非毫无根据 -
although it’s pretty clear they’re not going to be able to prevent intrusion symptoms for everyone.
虽然很清楚的是它们并不能回回都做到让受害者避免重新体验症状。
That, of course, assumes that trigger warnings work the way we want them to.
当然，那是假设预警能够按照我们希望的方式起作用才可能的。
And it’s not clear whether giving people the chance to skip potentially triggering content is the right way to go.
但跳过可能存在刺激性的内容是否就是正确的做法，这一点目前还不清楚。
A hallmark symptom of PTSD is avoidance:
创伤后应激障碍的一个标志性症状就是逃避：
basically doing all you can to avoid triggers so you don’t have intrusion symptoms.
基本上就是想方设法避开导火索，从而避免重新体验症状。
But the more avoidant someone is, the worse their PTSD symptoms usually are,
然而，有的人越是回避，创伤后应激障碍的症状就越是严重，
and that avoidance is thought to be one reason why.
逃避则被认为是这一问题的根源。
At the same time, being triggered in class or anywhere else without any warning isn’t likely to be helpful to people with PTSD.
同时，在没有任何预警的情况下，在课堂或其他任何地方刺激创伤后应激障碍患者对他们也毫无帮助，
It might just make things worse.
可能还会让事情变得更糟。
One of the main PTSD treatments, exposure therapy, is based on having people think about their trauma on purpose.
治疗创伤后应激障碍主要的疗法之一——暴露疗法的理念就是有意地让患者回想他们的创伤。
But it’s done in a safe and trusting environment, with a therapist.
但这一切都是在安全和值得信任的环境中与治疗师一起完成的。
That’s a far cry from a classroom, where you might not feel comfortable and you’re focusing on learning, not on trying to get better.
这种环境远非教师可比，因为在教室你可能会觉得不舒服，还要集中注意力学习而不是想着恢复健康。
And when someone with PTSD actively chooses to think about their trauma,
主动回忆自己的创伤时，
they usually don’t have as severe a reaction as when they involuntarily recall a memory.
创伤后应激障碍患者的反应往往没有不自主回忆起创伤时严重。
Warnings make the situation more predictable. You also have more control, and the chance to try a coping strategy.
预警能够提高环境的可预测性。受害者也能拥有更多的主动权，以及尝试应对策略的机会。
For all of these reasons, it’s plausible that trigger warnings are effective.
综上，预警奏效似乎是合情合理的了。
They could let people pass on things that they think will harm them more, while allowing them to choose to participate,
预警能够让人们跳过那些对他们更具伤害性的事物，同时也给予了他们选择要不要体验的自由，
but with all the information, so they’re prepared.
但有了那些信息，他们就有心理准备了。
But it’s also possible trigger warnings could be bad for people with PTSD.
但预警也可能对创伤后应激障碍患者不利。
Researchers have found that sometimes, warning messages can have unintended effects.
研究人员发现，预警有时可能产生意想不到的结果。
For example, if people are told about a side effect of a medication,
打个比方，如果人们被告知了药物的副作用，
they’ll often say they have it, even if they’re given a placebo.
人们通常也还是会选择吃吃，即便给他们的只是安慰剂。
That’s called the nocebo effect.
这就是所谓的“反安慰剂效应”。
And we know that expectations can change behavior in general.
我们知道，一般而言，期望可以改变人们的行为。
In a classic 1964 psychology experiment now known as the ‘panic button’ study,
在1964年经典的，如今被称之为“恐慌按钮”研究的一项心理学实验中，
researchers found that if you lead people to think something terrible will happen,
研究人员发现，如果你引导人们的思维，让他们以为会发生糟糕的事情，
they’ll go along with it and hit a panic button, even if nothing’s really happening.
他们就会相信并按下恐慌按钮，即便事实上什么都没有发生。
So it’s possible that a warning about traumatic content is enough to serve as a trigger on its own.
因此，对刺激性内容提出预警这种做法本身也可能成为导火索。
The bottom line is that we simply don’t know yet.
只不过我们现在还不确定而已。
Trigger warnings haven’t been studied in any rigorous way,
目前还没有针对预警的严密研究，
so we don’t know, for example, whether students in classes that give trigger warnings have better outcomes compared to those that don’t.
所以我们也不知道，那些提出了预警班级同学的表现是否就好过那些没有预警班级同学的表现。
In the meantime, it mostly comes down to whether you think the benefits of warning people are worth the risk of the nocebo effect.
与此同时，这个问题归根结底，主要还是要看大家觉得预警的好处是否能抵销“反安慰剂效应”的风险。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢大家收看本期心理科学秀的内容！
For more on what science has to say about tough questions like these,
了解更多关于科学对这类难题的解释，
just go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
请前往youtube.com/scishowpsych订阅我们的栏目。
