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If you were to jump into any random spot in the ocean, you would probably see something like this.
如果你要跳入海洋中一个随机选择的地点，你可能会看到这样的景象。
Empty of large animals. Because we have taken them out of the water faster than they can reproduce.
没有大型动物。因为我们把它们从水中抓出来的速度比它们的繁殖速度还快。
Today I want to propose a strategy to save ocean life, and the solution has a lot to do with economics.
今天我想要提出一项策略来拯救海洋生命，这项解决方案和经济有密切的相关性。
In 1999, a little place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico was an underwater desert.
1999年，墨西哥一个叫普尔莫角的小地方是水底的沙漠。
The fishermen were so upset not having enough fish to catch that they did something that no one expected.
没有鱼可以捕，这让渔夫非常沮丧，他们做了一件没人预料到的事。
Instead of spending more time at sea, trying to catch the few fish left, they stopped fishing completely.
他们没有花更多时间在海上试着抓出所剩无几的鱼，他们反而完全停止捕鱼。
They created a national park in the sea. A no-take marine reserve.
他们在海上建立了一个国家公园。一个不可捕鱼的海洋保护区。
When we returned, 10 years later, this is what we saw.
十年后，我们再返回时，看到了这样的景象。
What had been an underwater barren was now a kaleidoscope of life and color.
本来的水底荒漠，现在成了生命和色彩的万花筒。
We saw it back to pristine in only 10 years.
我们看到它在仅仅十年间就恢复了原貌。
Including the return of the large predators, like the groupers, the sharks, the jacks.
连大型捕食动物都回来了，像是石斑鱼、鲨鱼、鲹科鱼。
And those visionary fishermen are making much more money now, from tourism.
那些有远见的渔夫，现在从观光赚的钱更多了。
Now, when we can align economic needs with conservation, miracles can happen.
当我们能让经济需求与保护配合，奇迹就会发生。
And we have seen similar recoveries all over the world.
在全世界，我们都看过类似的恢复状况。
I spent 20 years studying human impacts in the ocean.
我花了二十年研究人类对海洋的影响。
But when I saw firsthand the regeneration of places like Cabo Pulmo, that gave me hope.
但当我亲眼看到像普尔莫角这类地方的重生，我找到了希望。
So I decided to quit my job as a university professor to dedicate my life to save more ocean places like this.
所以我决定辞去大学教授的工作，把我的人生投入拯救更多像这样的海洋地区。
In the last 10 years, our team at National Geographic Pristine Seas
在过去十年，我们的“国家地理原始海洋”团队，
has explored, surveyed and documented some of the wildest places left in the ocean and worked with governments to protect them.
探索、调查并记录了海洋中一些最野生的地方，并和政府合作来保护这些地方。
These are all now protected, covering a total area half the size of Canada.
这些现在都受到保护了，加起来的总面积有半个加拿大这么大。
These places are the Yellowstones and the Serengetis of the sea.
这些地方是海洋的黄石公园和塞伦盖蒂。
These are places where you jump in the water and are immediately surrounded by sharks.
在这些地方，当你跳入水中，就会马上被鲨鱼围绕。
And this is good, because the sharks are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem.
这是好现象，因为鲨鱼是很好的指针，表示生态系统很健康。
These places are time machines that take us to the ocean of 1,000 years ago.
这些地方是时光机，带我们回到一千年前的海洋。
But they also show us what the future ocean could be like.
但它们也让我们看到，未来的海洋可能是什么样子。
Because the ocean has extraordinary regenerative power, we have seen great recovery in just a few years.
因为海洋有超凡的新生力，短短几年我们就已经看到了了不起的恢复状况。
We just need to protect many more places at risk so they can become wild and full of life again.
我们得要保护更多面临风险的地方，让它们能回复野生，再次充满生命。
But today, only two percent of the ocean is fully protected from fishing and other activities. And that's not enough.
但现今只有2%的海洋能得到完整的保护，不受捕鱼和其他活动影响。那并不足够。
Studies suggest that we need at least 30 percent of the ocean under protection not just to save marine life, but to save us, too.
研究指出，我们至少要有30%的海洋受到保护，这样不仅能拯救海洋生命，也能拯救我们。
Because the ocean gives us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, food,
因为我们呼吸的氧气和食物有一半以上都来自海洋，
it absorbs much of the carbon pollution that we throw in the atmosphere.
海洋吸收了大气中大量由我们造制的碳污染。
We need a healthy ocean to survive. Now, is there a way to accelerate ocean protection? I think so.
要有健康的海洋，我们才能生存。有什么方式可以加速海洋保护吗？我认为有。
And it involves us looking at the high seas.
这个方法需要我们去研究公海。
Now, what are the high seas? Now coastal countries have authority over 200 nautical miles from shore.
什么是公海？沿海国家拥有从海岸起两百海里范围内的主权。
Everything beyond those areas are called the high seas. In dark blue on this map.
在那之外的区域就叫做公海。在这张地图上用深蓝色标示。
No country owns the high seas, no country is responsible for them, but they all are, so it's a little like the Wild West.
公海不属于任何国家，也没有任何国家要为公海负责，但公海有一点像是蛮荒的美国西部。
And there are two main types of fishing in the high seas.
在公海，有两种主要的捕鱼方式。
At the bottom and near the surface.
在海底和在海面。
Bottom trawling is the most destructive practice in the world.
海底拖网捕鱼是世界上最具破坏性的做法。
Super trawlers, the largest fishing vessels in the ocean, have nets so large that they can hold a dozen 747 jets.
超级拖网渔船是海上最大的捕鱼船，它的鱼网大到可以网住12台747喷射机。
These huge nets destroy everything in their paths
这些大型鱼网会把它们经过的地方都摧毁
including deep corals that grow on sea mounds, which can be thousands of years old.
包括长在海底山上的深海珊瑚，有些已经好几千岁。
And fishing near the surface targets mostly species that migrate between the high seas and country's waters, like tuna and sharks.
海面的捕鱼，目标是在公海和国家领海之间迁徒的物种，比如鲔鱼和鲨鱼。
And many of these species are threatened because of too much fishing and bad management.
这些物种当中有许多都因为过度捕捞和不良管理而受到威胁。
Now, who fishes in the high seas?
那么谁会在公海捕鱼？
Until now, it was difficult to know exactly, because countries have been very secretive about the long-distance fishing.
到目前为止，都很难明确知道，因为国家对于远洋捕鱼都是保密到家。
But now, satellite technology allows us to track individual boats. This is a game-changer.
但现在，卫星技术让我们能够追踪个别船只。这改变了游戏规则。
And this is the first time we are presenting the data that you are going to see.
这是第一次，我们把接下来各位将会看到的资料公开呈现。
I'm going to show you the tracks of two boats over the course of a year, using a satellite automated identification system.
我等下要让各位看的是，在一年间两艘船的轨迹，用的是卫星自动化辨识系统。
This is a long-liner, fishing around the southern coast of Africa.
这是一艘延绳渔船，沿着非洲南海岸捕鱼。
After a few months fishing there, the boat goes to Japan to resupply, and shortly after, here it is, fishing around Madagascar.
在那里捕鱼了几个月之后，这艘船到日本去做再补给，没多久，在这里，到马达加斯加捕鱼。
This is a Russian trawler fishing, probably, for cod, in Russian waters, and then across the high seas of the north Atlantic.
这是一艘俄罗斯拖网渔船，可能是在捕鳕鱼，这是俄罗斯水域，接着横越了北大西洋的公海。
Thanks to Global Fishing Watch, we have been able to track over 3,600 boats from more than 20 countries, fishing in the high seas.
有了Global Fishing Watch（全球捕鱼监看网站），我们能够追踪来自超过20个不同国家、在公海上捕鱼的至少3600艘船。
They use satellite positioning and machine-learning technology
他们用卫星定位及机器学习技术，
to automatically identify if a boat is just sailing or fishing, which are the white spots here.
自动辨识出一艘船是在航行或是在捕鱼，就是这里的白点。
So with an international group of colleagues,
所以，我们和同事决定组成一个国际团体，
we decided to investigate not only who fishes in the high seas, but who benefits from it.
来调查谁在公海上捕鱼以及谁从中获益。
My colleague, Juan Mayorga, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has produced detailed maps of fishing effort,
我的同事，胡安·马约尔加，来自圣塔芭芭拉的加州大学，针对捕鱼耗资做出了细节地图，
which means how much time and fuel is spent fishing in every pixel in the ocean. We have a map for every country.
耗资指的是花在海洋中每一个像素内捕鱼所花的时间和燃料。每个国家和地区，我们都有一张地图。
China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Spain alone account for almost 80 percent of the fishing in the high seas.
光是中国、中国台湾、日本、韩国和西班牙，就几乎占了公海捕鱼的80%。
When we put all of the countries together, this is what we get.
当我们把所有这些国家或地区加在一起，就得到这个。
Because we know the identity of every boat in the database,
因为我们知道数据库中每一艘船的身份，
we know its size, its tonnage, the power of its engines, how many crew are on board.
我们就能知道它的大小、吨位、引擎马力、有多少船员。
With this information, we can calculate fuel costs, labor costs, etc.
有这些信息，我们就能计算出燃料成本、劳力成本等等。
So for the first time, we have been able to map the costs of fishing in the high seas.
所以，第一次，我们得以在地图上绘制出公海的捕鱼成本。
The darker the red, the higher the costs.
红色越深，表示成本越高。
Thanks to our colleagues at the University of British Columbia, we know how much every country is actually fishing.
有赖我们在英属哥伦比亚大学的同事，我们知道每个国家或地区的实际捕鱼量。
And we know the price of the fish as it comes off the vessel.
我们也知道当鱼离开船的时候的价格。
Combined with the data on effort, we have been able to map the revenue of fishing the high seas.
和耗资的数据结合，我们就能够在地图上绘制出在公海捕鱼的收入。
The darker the blue, the higher the revenue. We have costs, and we have revenue.
蓝色越深，表示收入越高。我们有成本，我们有收入。
So for the first time, we have been able to map the profitability of fishing in the high seas.
所以，第一次，我们能够在地图上绘制出在公海上捕鱼的利润。
Now I'm going to show you a map. Red colors mean we are losing money by fishing in that part of the ocean.
现在我要展示一张地图。红色表示在海洋的那个区域捕鱼是会损失钱的。
Blue colors mean it's profitable. Here it is. It seems mostly profitable.
蓝色表示是有利可图。就是这张图。似乎大多有利可图。
But there are two more factors we have to take into account.
但我们还需要考虑两个因素。
First, recent investigations reveal the use of forced labor, or slave labor, in high seas fishing.
第一，近期的调查显示，在公海捕鱼时，有人会使用强迫的劳工或是奴隶劳工。
Companies use it to cut costs, to generate profits.
公司用这些人来缩减成本，产生利润。
And second, every year, governments subsidize high seas fishing with more than four billion dollars.
第二，每年政府会补助公海捕鱼，金额超过40亿美元。
Let's go back to the map of profits. If we assume fair wages, which means not slave labor,
我们再回来看利润地图。如果我们假设薪资是公平的，也就是说没有奴隶劳工，
and we remove the subsidies from our calculation, the map turns into this.
且我们在计算时把补助给排除，地图就会变成这样。
Fishing is truly profitable in only half of the high seas fishing grounds.
只有在一半的公海上，捕鱼才是有利可图的。
In fact, on aggregate, subsidies are four times larger than the profits.
事实上，从总体来看，补助是利润的四倍之多。
So we have five countries doing most of the fishing in the high seas and the economics are dependent on huge government subsidies,
所以有五个国家大部分的捕鱼都在公海进行，而经济方面则大量依赖政府补助，
and for some countries, on human rights violations.
有些国家则是依赖违反人权的方式。
What this economic analysis reveals, is that practically the entire high seas fishing proposition is misguided.
这项经济分析揭示出一个状况，实际上整个公海补鱼的主张就已经被误导了。
What sane government would subsidize an industry anchored in exploitation and fundamentally destructive?
神智清楚的政府怎么会去补助一个产业，如果这个产业靠的是剥削，且从根本上就是具有摧毁性的？
And not so profitable, anyway.
而且还不是很能获利。
So, why don't we close all of the high seas to fishing?
所以，为什么我们不停止所有的公海捕鱼？
Let's create a giant high seas reserve, two-thirds of the ocean. A modeling study from...
我们来建立一个巨大海洋保护区，占海洋比例的三分之二。一篇建模的研究...
A modeling study from colleagues at UC Santa Barbara,
圣塔芭芭拉加州大学的同事有一篇建模的研究，
suggests that such reserve would help migratory species like tuna recover in the high seas.
指出这类保护区能够协助迁徒型物种，比如鲔鱼，在公海中恢复原来的状况。
And part of that increased abundance would spill over into the countries' waters, helping to replenish them.
这些物种够丰足之后，有一部分就会进入到国家的领海，协助补充领海的生物。
That would also increase the catch in these waters, and so would the profits, because the cost of fishing would be lowered.
那就会增加在这些领海的渔获量，利润跟着提升，因为捕鱼的成本会下降。
And the ecological benefits would be huge, because these species of large predators,
经济的利益会很大，因为这些大型捕食者，
like tuna and sharks, are key to the health of the entire ecosystem.
比如鲔鱼和鲨鱼，是整个生态系统健康的关键。
Therefore, protecting the high seas would have ecological, economic and social benefits.
因此，保护公海会带来生态、经济以及社会的益处。
But the truth is that most fishing companies don't care about the environment.
但真相是大部分的捕鱼公司都不在乎环境。
But they would make more money by not fishing in the high seas.
但如果不在公海捕鱼，他们会赚更多钱。
And this would not affect our ability to feed our growing population,
这不会影响到我们供应食物给不断成长的人口，
because the high seas provide only five percent of the global marine catch,
因为全球海洋的渔获，只有5%是来自公海，
because the high seas are not as productive as near-shore waters.
因为公海不像近海水域那么有生产力。
And most of the catch of the high seas is sold as upscale food items, like tuna sashimi or shark fin soup.
在公海上大部分的渔获都是以高档商品的定位来销售，比如鲔鱼生鱼片或是鱼翅汤。
The high seas catch does not contribute to global food security.
公海渔获对于全球的粮食保障并没有什么贡献。
So how are we going to do it? How are we going to protect the high seas?
那么，我们要如何做？我们要如何保护公海？
As we speak, negotiators at the United Nations are beginning discussions on a new agreement to do just that.
就在这个时候，联合国的谈判专家已经开始讨论关于保护公海的新协议。
But this cannot happen behind closed doors. This is our greatest opportunity.
但关起门来是不可能让它实现的。这是我们最大的机会。
And we all should ensure that our countries will support the protection of the high seas and get rid of subsidies to industrial fishing.
我们都应该要确保我们的国家会支持对公海的保护，不要再对工业捕鱼提供补助。
In 2016, 24 countries and the European Union agreed to protect the Ross Sea, the wildest places in Antarctica,
2016年，24个国家以及欧盟同意要保护罗斯海，那是南极洲最野生的地方，
full of wildlife like killer whales, leopard seals, penguins.
充满了野生动物，像是逆戟鲸、豹海豹、企鹅。
And this included fishing nations, like China, Japan, Spain, Russia.
这些国家还包含了捕鱼国家，如中国、日本、西班牙、俄罗斯。
But they decided that protecting such a unique environment would be worth more than exploiting it for relatively little benefit.
但他们会决定要保护这么独特的环境，是因为保护它的价值更高，不需为了相对少的利益来利用它。
And this is exactly the type of cooperation and willingness to set aside differences that we are going to need.
就是要靠这种合作和意愿来排除分歧，这才是我们会需要的。
We can do it again.
我们可以再做一次。
If 20 years from now, our children were to jump into any random spot in the ocean, what would they see?
如果20年之后，我们的孩子要跳入海洋中一个随机选择的地点，他们会看到什么？
A barren landscape, like much of our seas today, or an abundance of life, our legacy to the future?
贫瘠的风景，就像现在大部分的海洋？还是充满生命的景象，我们留给未来的遗产？
Thank you very much. Thank you.
非常谢谢。谢谢。
