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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想。
You probably think of volcanoes as huge mountains that erupt red hot lava and kill everything around them.
你可能会认为，火山是种巨大的山脉，能喷发出炽热的熔岩，毁灭周围的一切。
And yeah, volcanoes can do this, but that doesn't happen very often.
是的，火山会这样，但这并不经常发生。
There are about 1500 active volcanoes on Earth, and one erupts every week on average!
地球上大约有1500个活火山，平均每个星期爆发一次。
You just don't hear about them because most eruptions aren't that big or explosive.
你只是没听说，因为大多数火山喷发规模都没那么大。
See, a volcano is simply any place where material inside a planet or moon that is warmer than its surroundings erupts to the surface.
看，行星或月球内部的物质，比周围的环境温度高，物质喷发到地表之后，形成火山。
On Earth, that material is typically ash, gas, and liquid rock known as magma, which is called lava after it erupts.
在地球上，这种物质通常是火山灰、气体和液体岩石（又叫岩浆，在火山爆发后称为熔岩）。
Magma is created when rock in the Earth's lower crust and upper mantle melts.
地球的下地壳和上地幔中的岩石融化，形成岩浆。
This molten material is less dense than when it was solid, causing it to rise above the denser rocks surrounding it and eventually, out through fissures or vents to the surface.
这种物质熔化后密度比固体时要小，而周围的岩石密度较大，因此熔融物质上升到这些岩石上方，最终通过裂隙或火山口流出地表。
The size of the eruption depends on the thickness of the magma and how much gas is trapped inside.
火山爆发规模的大小取决于岩浆的厚度，以及所蕴藏的气体量。
All magma contains gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
所有的岩浆都含有水蒸气、二氧化碳和二氧化硫等气体。
When the magma rises, gas bubbles are released, putting pressure on the material and helping force it to the surface.
岩浆上升时，会释放气泡，对物质施加压力，并迫使它到达地表。
If the magma is thin and runny, the gases escape easily and you won't see a huge eruption. But if the magma is thick, watch out.
如果岩浆很稀，气体很容易逸出，喷发规模就不会很大。但是如果岩浆浓稠，要小心了。
Have you ever shaken a soda bottle and given it to a friend? Which is totally hilarious by the way.
你有没有把一瓶汽水晃了好几下递给朋友？顺便说一下，这非常有趣。
By shaking it, you've helped separate out the carbon dioxide. When the cap is removed, the pressure is released, and the gas tries to escape quickly. Boom — soda everywhere.
晃动汽水，二氧化碳就分离出来。打开盖子，压力就会释放出来，气体迅速逸出。砰！到处都是汽水。
This is how a volcano works. If a big volcano erupts, you don't want to be anywhere near it.
这就是火山的运作方式。如果一个大火山爆发，你不要靠近它。
The lava can reach almost 1100 degrees Celsius and rain terror by literally raining down hot chunks of lava.
熔岩几乎可以达到1100摄氏度，而且炽热的熔岩块从天而降，非常恐怖。
A mixture of mud, water, and other debris, called a lahar, can flow down and bury nearby cities.
泥浆、水和其他杂物的混合物被称为“火山泥流”，它可以四处流动，掩埋附近的城市。
The volcanic gases can cause difficulty breathing, increased heart rate, and death. Even worse is the damage caused by the pyroclastic flows.
火山气体会导致呼吸困难，心跳加速和死亡。更糟糕的是火山碎屑流造成的破坏。
These are avalanches of rock and ash up to 700 degrees Celsius that typically move more than 50 miles an hour, destroying everything in their path.
大量的岩石和火山灰高达700摄氏度，通常会以每小时50英里的速度流动，所到之处，寸草不生。
The biggest volcanic eruption in recent history was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia.
近年来最大的火山爆发是1815年印尼坦博拉火山爆发。
It expelled ash over 620,000 square miles and shot volcanic gases more than 20 miles into the air.
当时该火山喷射出的火山灰覆盖了62万平方英里的土地，向空中喷出的火山气体高达20多英里。
Sulfur dioxide lingered in the stratosphere and reflected sunlight away from Earth.
二氧化硫滞留在平流层，并将照向地球的太阳光反射出去。
This lowered global temperatures and changed weather patterns so much that 1816 was considered the year without summer.
全球气温因此降低，天气模式也发生改变，以至于1816年被公认为没有夏季的一年。
About 92,000 people died due to the pyroclastic flows, and a tsunami triggered by the eruption, and famines from the weather changes.
火山碎屑流，由火山爆发引发的海啸，以及天气变化导致的饥荒，导致约92,000人丧生。
Amazingly, Mount Tambora is just the tip of the iceberg...well, I mean, tip of the volcano. There are even larger supervolcanoes.
坦博拉火山只是冰山一角……我是说，火山的一角。地球上还有更大的超级火山，真是惊人。
One is right underneath Yellowstone National Park and has had three mega eruptions in the last 2.1 million years.
黄石国家公园下面就有一个，在过去的210万年间有3次大爆发。
If Yellowstone erupts again, it could eject about 10 times more material than Mount Tambora.
如果黄石国家公园的火山再次喷发，它将喷发出的物质大约比坦博拉火山多10倍。
Most of the United States would be covered with ash, with Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming likely buried under several feet of the stuff.
美国大部分地区将被火山灰覆盖，蒙大拿州、爱达荷州和怀俄明州灰尘可能有几英尺深。
Volcanic gases would again affect global climates. It would be catastrophic. But don't get into your underground bunker quite yet.
火山气体将再次影响全球气候。这会造成巨大灾难。但别忙着进防空洞。
The probability of a giant Yellowstone eruption in any given year is about 1 in 730,000.
黄石国家公园火山大爆发的概率大约是73万分之一。
And scientists have set up monitors around the park to detect changes in heat that would indicate volcanic activity.
科学家们已经在公园周围设置了监测仪，检测热量变化，借此了解火山活动的蛛丝马迹。
Plus, most eruptions aren't nearly that bad. So don't worry.
另外，大多数火山爆发并没有那么糟糕。所以不要担心。
Just sit back and think about how awesome it is that you live on a planet with exploding mountains.
坐下来想一想，你生活的星球上，有随时会爆炸的山脉，多么了不起！
Are you scared of volcanoes? Do you think they're pretty cool?
你害怕火山吗？还是觉得它们很酷？
Let me know in the comment section below or tell us what should we talk about next.
请在下面的评论部分告诉我。或者告诉我们接下来应该讨论什么。
If you're fascinated by natural disasters, check out this video from our friend real-life Lore.
如果你对自然灾害感兴趣，可以看看我们的三次元朋友洛尓做的视频。
In it he explores how big tornadoes can get. Check it out.
在视频中，他讨论了龙卷风的威力。看一下吧。
There is no record of how fast the wind speed of the tornado may have been at the time, but it slashed through a path between all three states of 219 miles long.
目前还没有相关记录表明当时龙卷风的风速有多快，但它横扫三个州，运行路径全长219英里。
It traveled that distance in only three and a half hours, meaning that if the tornado instead started in Washington DC, it would have reached all the way to New York City in the same amount of time.
它只用了3个半小时就走完了这个距离，也就是说，如果龙卷风从华盛顿开始，它就会以同样的时间到达纽约。
As always my name is Blacko. This has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking.
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想。思考不要停！
