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Colistin is a medicine of last resort used to save people's lives when all other drugs have failed.
当其他药物都不能拯救人类生命时，粘菌素是最后的选择。
It was used a bit in the clinic and then there were some worries about toxicity and side-effects,
在临床中粘菌素有所使用，但也有人担心它的毒性和副作用，
and it was mostly used in agriculture then, in pigs and a bit in chicken,
粘菌素主要用于农业，随后用在猪身上，也会用在鸡身上。
but recently as we were running out of drugs, people actually have become more interested again in using it,
随着我们无药可用，人们又开始对使用粘菌素产生兴趣，
and it's been used quite extensively recently over the last five, ten years in the clinic.
在最近的五到十年间，粘菌素广泛应用于临床中。
But even this powerful antibiotic is losing its potency.
但是，这种强大的抗生素效力正在降低。
Deadly pathogens like E.coli or salmonella can mutate and develop resistance to drugs.
致命的病原体如大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌可发生变异，并对药物产生抗药性。
The new study led by Balloux at University College London
该研究由伦敦大学学院的巴鲁克带头，
identifies the speed at which the mutant gene that gives resistance to colistin emerged in the mid-2000s.
发现变异基因对粘菌素产生耐药性的时间发生在21世纪头十年中期。
It was a single emergence, only once, happened once.
发生过一次，就一次。
And it jumped very, very likely from pigs, probably in China, and it spread extremely rapidly throughout the world.
很有可能是因为中国的猪，然后在世界各地迅速传播。
And it also spread in all sorts of different species, and affect humans. So now we find it in,
同时，它也传染了不同的物种，并影响到了人类，如今我们发现
yes in many of the most important pathogens we face in hospitals. And it is absolutely everywhere.
医院中最常见的病原体都被传染了，几乎到处都是。
The resistance has even been found in pathogens in the seawater on Brazilian beaches.
我们甚至在巴西海滩的海水中发现了耐药的病原体。
This study focused on just one resistant gene. Many pathogens are developing other forms of resistance.
本研究只关注了一种抗药基因，很多病原体还在形成其他形式的耐药基因。
Britain's chief medical officer warned recently that antimicrobial resistance could lead to the end of modern medicine.
英国首席医疗官警告道，抗微生物的耐药性可能导致现代医学的终结。
Think about common operations, caesarean sections, replacement hips.
想想平时的手术，剖腹产和髋关节置换手术。
Those would become much more risky if we did not have effective antibiotics. Superbugs kill and they're on the rise
如果我们没有有效的抗生素，这些手术将会更加危险，超级细菌杀死抗生素，而且这些细菌的数量还在增加。
Scientists are working on boosting existing drugs like colistin to give them added power against resistant pathogens.
科学家正在努力提高现有药物如粘菌素的耐药性，增强它们抵抗耐药病原体的能力。
Longer term, researchers say more investment is needed in developing new drugs
从长远看，研究人员称我们应该增加开发新药的投入，
along with rethinking the way antibiotics are used in agriculture and in the clinic.
同时要重新思考抗生素在农业和临床中的应用方式。
Henry Ridgwell for VOA news, London
VOA新闻，亨利·立德威尔伦敦报道。
