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Hey there! Welcome to Life Noggin.
大家好！欢迎来到脑洞大开的生命奇想！
When people talk about women in science, their first thought is almost always of Marie Curie, the first female scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in physics and the first scientist to ever receive two Nobel Prizes.
谈到科学界的女性时，人们先想到的几乎都是玛丽·居里(Marie Curie)，她是第一位获得诺贝尔物理学奖的女科学家，也是第一个获得两次诺贝尔奖的科学家。
She won these thanks to her ground-breaking work studying radiation and discovering two new elements, polonium and radium.
她在辐射方面开创性的研究和钋和镭这两个新元素的发现，为她赢得了诺贝尔奖。
And while it is important to know about her contributions to science, many people's knowledge of women in STEM ends there.
虽然了解她对科学的贡献是很重要的，但许多人对理工科女性的认识却止步于此。
So, today, I'm going to help fix that. Let's start off with another scientist who worked with radioactive elements -- Lise Meitner.
今天，我将帮助解决这个问题。让我们先来看看另一位研究放射性元素的科学家——莉泽·迈特纳（Lise Meitner）。
Along with physicist Otto Hahn, she discovered a new element called protactinium. But, more importantly, she also noticed a strange result when uranium atoms were bombarded with neutrons.她与物理学家奥托·哈恩（Otto Hahn）一起，发现了一个名为镤的新元素。但更重要的是，她也注意到了，铀原子被中子轰击时，出现了一个奇怪的结果。
See, whenever this happened, the neutron did not stick to the uranium atom. Rather, it caused the atom to split, forming lighter elements in the process, and also releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
一旦发生这种情况，中子就不会粘附在铀原子上。相反，它导致原子分裂，在过程中形成更轻的元素，同时释放出巨大的能量。
Meitner called this nuclear fission, which led to the creation of the atomic bomb.
迈特纳称之为核裂变，核裂变推动了原子弹的发明。
In fact, after her discoveries were published, Albert Einstein wrote a warning letter to US President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, which resulted in the creation of the Manhattan Project.
在她的成果发布后，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）给美国总统富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福（Franklin D. Roosevelt）写了一封警告信，这是曼哈顿计划的开端。
If you watched our video on why humans reproduce sexually, you'll know that genes have the ability to move within and between chromosomes.
如果你看了我们那期人类为什么有性繁殖的视频，你会知道基因有能力在染色体之内和之间移动。
By studying the changes of pigmentation of corn kernels over many generations, Barbara McClintock discovered that genetic information is not stationary.
芭芭拉·麦克林托克(Barbara McClintock)研究了几代玉米籽粒的色素沉着变化，发现遗传信息并不是静止的。
However, at the time, this went against everything that was known about genetics.
然而，在当时，这一切与所有关于遗传学的知识相悖。
In fact, it took over 30 years for her work to be seriously considered, eventually resulting in her winning the Nobel Prize in medicine.
事实上，过了30年她的研究才被重视，最终她获得了诺贝尔医学奖。
On a related subject, let's talk about DNA. You probably learned in school that its double-helix structure was discovered by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick.
谈一个相关的话题，我们来谈谈DNA。你可能在学校里学过，它的双螺旋结构是由科学家詹姆斯·沃森（James Watson）和弗朗西斯·克里克（Francis Crick）发现的。
But this is only partially true. See, the real discovery was made by Rosalind Franklin in the 1950s.
但这只是部分事实。是罗莎琳德·富兰克林（Rosalind Franklin）在20世纪50年代发现了这一点。
Her x-ray diffraction photographs of DNA, were unknowingly shown to Watson and Crick by her colleague Maurice Wilkins.
她的同事莫里斯·威尔金斯(Maurice Wilkins)在不知情的情况下，向沃森和克里克展示了她的DNA x射线衍射照片。
And after seeing the photo, the two scientists almost immediately published a paper in Nature explaining their findings.
看到这张照片后，两位科学家立即在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇论文，解释了他们的发现。
Unfortunately, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins after Franklin's death, but it's unsure if she would have been included if she had still been alive.
不幸的是，在富兰克林死后，诺贝尔奖被授予了沃森、克里克和威尔金斯，如果她还活着，不知道获奖名单会不会包括她。
But regardless, it's clear that we should know her name just as well as we know Watson and Crick.
但无论如何，很明显，我们应该知道她的名字，就像我们知道沃森和克里克一样。
And lastly, let's talk about Jane Goodall. She is a primatologist and is best known for her work with chimpanzees in Tanzania.
最后，我们来谈谈珍·古道尔（Jane Goodall）。她是一名灵长类动物学家，最出名的是她对坦桑尼亚黑猩猩的研究。
During her time with them, she discovered that chimpanzees were able to make and use tools, which, at the time, only humans were thought to do.
在与黑猩猩相处的过程中，她发现黑猩猩能够制造和使用工具，而当时人们认为，只有人类才会制造和使用工具。
This was a huge breakthrough! And she also discovered that the chimpanzees ate meat, throw stones as weapons, embrace one another for comfort, and formed familia bonds.
这是一个巨大的突破！她还发现黑猩猩吃肉，把石头作武器扔来扔去，拥抱彼此以示安慰，还会形成家族联盟。
In fact, the chimps even had a war. After years of research, she speaks out for these animals that cannot speak for themselves.
事实上，黑猩猩甚至还会发生战争。经过多年的研究，她为这些不能为自己说话的动物发声。
And on top of all this, she is an advocate for conservation and founded the Jane Goodall Institute, a global non-profit organization.
最重要的是，她倡导保护动物，并成立了一个全球性的非盈利组织，珍·古道尔研究会。
So, clearly, these are some incredible scientists that you should have learned about in school. But, obviously, there are tons more, so let me know who you want to learn about next time!
所以，很明显，这些不可思议的科学家都是你本应该在学校里学过的。但是，很明显，还有很多，所以告诉我下次你想了解谁！
Speaking of amazing women in STEM, you should definitely check out Kayla over on Explorium.
说到神奇的理工科女性，你一定要去看一下探索频道的凯拉。
Not only is she the writer for Life Noggin, but she makes some of the most informative and amazing videos you will ever see, she explores topics like physics, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, and biology.
她不仅是我们节目的编剧，而且她还制作了一些最丰富、最精彩的视频，你很快就能看到，她涉及的主题包括了物理学、天文学、数学、化学和生物学等。
Click the annotation now to go check out her channel or if you're on mobile there's a link in the description
现在就点击注释去查看她的频道或者如果你在用手机，在描述区中，点击那个链接。
As always, I'm Blocko and this has been Life Noggin. Don't forget to keep on thinking!
我是宝高，这里是脑洞大开的生命奇想！思考不要停！
