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Hi. Welcome back to www. engvid. com.I'm Adam.In today's lesson we're going to look at the adverb clause. Okay?
嗨，欢迎来到 www. engvid. com。我是 Adam。今天这节课我们将学习副词性从句。
Now, this is one of the dependent clauses that we're going to look at.I also have a lesson about noun clauses and adjective clauses.
这是我们将要学习的从属子句的一种。我还有关于名词性从句和形容词从句的课程。
I have a lesson about the independent clause, which is different from all of these.
我还有一节关于独立分句的课程，和这些课程不太一样。
Today we're looking at the adverb clause, which depends on the grammar book you're using.
今天我们要借助你正在使用的语法书来学习副词性从句。
Again, they like to use different words.Some people call this the subordinate clause.
再说一次，他们喜欢用复杂的词汇。有人称其为从句。
"Subordinate" meaning under. Right?"Sub" means under, it's under the independent clause, means it's...
“Subordinate”的意思是在...下面，对吧？“Sub”的意思是在...下面，它在独立分句之下，意思是...
The independent clause is the more important one, the subordinate clause is the second.Now, the thing to remember about adverb clauses:
独立分句更重要，从句是次要的。关于副词性从句，我们需要记得：
What makes them different from noun clauses or adjective clauses is that they don't modify words. Okay?
它们和名词性从句以及形容词从句不同的是它们不修饰单词。记住了么？
A noun clause modifies or acts as a specific function to something in the independent clause.
一个名词性从句在独立分句中起修饰作用或者是充当某些特殊功能。
It could be the subject, it could be the object of the verb, for example.Or it could be a complement.
比如，它可以充当主语或者动词宾语。它还能充当补语。
But it's always working with some other word in the independent clause.
但在独立分句中，它总是要和其他词句一同起作用。
The adjective clause-excuse me-always modifies or identifies a noun in the sentence, in the clause, etc.
形容词从句，抱歉，总是修饰或说定义句子、从句等中的名词。
The adverb clause shows a relationship, and that's very, very important to remember because the subordinate conjunctions,
副词性从句表示一种联系，记住这点是非常重要的，因为从属连词
the words that join the clause to the independent clause has a very specific function.
即把分句加到独立分句中的词汇有其非常特定的功能。
The two clauses, the independent clause and the subordinate clause have a very distinct relationship. Okay?
独立分句和从句分，这两种分句之间具有明显的相关性。对吧？
So here are some of those relationships: reason, contrast, condition, time, purpose and comparison.
这里有一些关联因素；原因，对比，条件，时间，目的和比较。
There are others, but we're going to focus on these because these are the more common ones.
还有其他关联因素，但我们主要看这几个因为它们更常用。
And there are many conjunctions, but I'm only going to give you a few here just so you have an idea how the adverb clause works. Okay?
连词也有很多，但我只会向你举几个例子，这样你能明白副词性从句如何起作用，可以吧？
So, for example, when we're looking at reason...Okay?
比如，我们看原因关系...
Before I give you actual sentence examples, I'm going to talk to you about the conjunctions.
在我给你具体的例句之前，我想跟你谈谈关于连词。
These are called the subordinate conjunctions.
这些是从属连词。
They very clearly show the relationship between the clauses, so you have to remember that.
它们清楚地表明分句之间的关系，所以你必须记住。
So: "because", okay?"Because" means reason.So, I did something because I had to do it.
"because"，是个连词对吧？"Because" 的意思是原因。我做了某事因为我必须这么做。
Okay? So: "I did something"-independent clause-"because"-why? -"I had to do it"-I had no choice.
明白么？所以："I did something" 是独立分句，"because" -为什么？-"I had to do it"-我没有任何选择，
That's the relationship between the two."Since" can also mean "because".
这是它们两个之间的关系。"Since" 也有 "because" 的意思。
"Since", of course, can also mean since the beginning of something, since a time, but it can also mean "because" when we're using it as an adverb clause conjunction.
"Since" 当然有自从...开始的意思，一段时间以来，但是它在作副词性从句时也有 "because" 的意思。
Contrast, "Contrast" means to show that there's a difference.
对比关系，"Contrast" 的意思是表明存在差异。
Now, it could be yes/no, positive/negative, but it doesn't have to be.
它可以表示是/不是，肯定的/否定的，但并不一定如此。
It could be one idea and then a contrasting idea.
它可以是一个观点之后又有一个对比鲜明的观点。
One expectation, and one completely different result. Okay?
一个预期结果和一个完全不同的结果。
You have to be very careful not to look for a positive or a negative verb, or a positive or negative anything else, but we're going to look at examples for that.
你一定很小心地回避表肯定性或否定性动词以及其他任何表肯定或否定的成分，但我们现在要看一些这方面的例子。
The more common conjunctions for that is: "although" or "though"-both are okay, mean the same thing-or "whereas". Okay?
这方面更常用的连词有："although" 或 "though"-两个都可以，意思是一样的-还有 "whereas"。
"Although I am very rich, I can't afford to buy a Lamborghini." Okay?
“尽管我很富有，我还是买不起一辆兰博基尼跑车。”
So, "rich" means lots of money."Can't afford" means not enough money.
这样，"rich" 意思是很多钱。"Can't afford" 意思是没有足够的钱。
Contrasting ideas. They're a little bit opposite from what one expects.Contrast, reason.
相反的看法。他们跟某人的期望有点相反。对比关系，原因关系。
Condition. "Condition" means one thing must be true for something else to be true.
条件关系。"Condition" 的意思是一件事是真实的，那么某事也必须是真实的。
So, for the part of the independent clause to be true-the situation, the action, the event, whatever-then the condition must first be true.
因此，若独立分句的部分是真实发生的-比如条件，行为，时间等等，那么首先条件必须是真实发生的。
"If I were a...If I were a rich man, I would buy a Lamborghini."
“如果我是...如果我是富人，我会买一部兰博基尼。”
But I'm...Even though I am a rich man...Although I am a rich man, I can't afford one.
但是我不是...即使我是有钱人...尽管我有钱人，我还是买不起一部兰博基尼。
So we use "if", "as long as".Again, there are others.Time.This is another relationship.When did something happen?
所以我们可以用 "if" 和 "as long as"。再说一次，还有很多连词。时间关系。这是另一种关系。某事是何时发生的？
We use "when", we use "while", we use other conjunctions as well."I will call you when I get home."
我们可以用 "when"，"while" 和其他连词。“当我到家的时候，我会打给你。”
So this call that I will make to you will happen at the time that I get home.
所以说我会给你打电话在我到家的时候。
That's the relationship between the two.Purpose.
这是它们之间的联系。目的关系。
"I asked my boss for a pay raise so that I could afford my Lamborghini."
“我向我的老板要求加薪这样我就能买得起兰博基尼跑车了。”
Which I can't afford now.Comparison, if I want to compare two things.
我现在肯定买不起。比较关系，是说如果我想要比较两件事。
Now, you have to be very careful with comparisons because they don't always have to take a clause.
对于比较关系你要非常小心，因为它们并不一定以分句形式出现。
But if you're comparing clause to clause, if you're comparing action to action, then you must use a comparison conjunction with an adverb clause to show.
但如果你打算比较两个分句，比如你比较两个动作，那么你必须使用一个连接副词性从句的比较连词来表示。
So: "I am not as able to do this as she is." Right?"I am not as able as she"-subject-"is", verb.Comparing two situations, two actions, etc.
比如：“我不像她一样能做到这样。”对吧？"I am not as able as she" 是主语，"is" 是动词。还有比较两种情况，两个动作等。
So now that we see some of the relationships we can use and some of the conjunctions we can use, let's look at some sentence examples to see how this works.
现在我们来看一下我们可以使用的关联因素以及一些连词，我们来看一些例句看看它们怎么用。
Okay, let's look at some examples now.I'm going to show you some dos and don'ts;things you should do, things you should not do.
好，让我们看一些例子。我打算向你展示一些注意事项；你应该做的事和你不应该做的事。
But again, everything has an exception, we'll talk about that.Let's look at three independent clauses.
但还是要说，凡事都有例外，我们会说到这点。让我们看这三个独立分句。
"I love pizza."Very simple."I love pizza.", "I rarely eat it."I very, very seldom...I almost never eat pizza."It's unhealthy.""It" being pizza.
“我喜欢披萨。”非常简单。“我喜欢披萨。”，“我很少吃披萨。”我非常非常少，几乎不怎么吃披萨。“它是不利于健康的。”"It" 指披萨。
Now, I want to combine all of these things together, but I want to make sure that there's a relationship between these two and this one, maybe even this one. Okay?
现在我想把这些分句合在一起，但是我想确定在这两个句子，甚至这个和这个句子之间有联系。
"Although I love pizza," so right away you're expecting a contrast."I love pizza."
“尽管我喜欢披萨，”，那么这表示你期望有一个对比。“我喜欢披萨。”
So you're thinking if I love pizza, I eat it every day. Right?
这样你会认为如果我喜欢披萨，我会天天都吃它，对吧？
Well, right away you understand probably not.There's going to be a contrast coming up.
好，马上你就会明白可能不是这样的。这里会有一个对比。
"I rarely eat it".I love it, I rarely eat it.It doesn't make sense.They're opposites.
“我很少吃它。”我喜欢它，我很少吃它。这不符合常理。他们是对立的。
Well, there's your opposite conjunction.Why do I rarely eat it? "...because it's unhealthy."
这里是反意连词。为什么我很少吃它？“...因为它不利于健康。”
So I rarely eat it even though I love it, there's your contrast, because...
所以我很少吃它尽管我喜欢它，这就有一个对比，因为...
There's your reason and why rarely eat. Okay?
这里是你为什么很少吃它的原因，对吧？
I have a contrast between how I feel about pizza and how often I eat it.
在我对披萨的态度和我吃它的频率之间有一个对比。
I have a reason of why I rarely eat it because it's unhealthy.
为什么我很少吃它是有原因的因为它不利于健康。
So this sentence is perfect, everything works well together.
所以这个句子是完整的，每个部分各尽其用。
Another thing to keep in mind: One sentence can have many adverb clauses.
另一件需要记住的事是：一个句子可以有很多副词性从句。
As many relationships as you need, you can put into a sentence.
你需要多少的关联性，都可以放在一个句子里。
Again, once your sentence gets too long with too many clauses going on, then you're starting to get a little bit confusing to your reader.
再说一次，一旦你的句子因为有太多的从句而过于冗长，那么你会给读者造成一些困惑。
Now, another thing I want to mention: You'll notice the comma here.
我想说的另一件事是：你要注意这里的逗号。
Generally speaking, when you begin a sentence with an adverb clause...
通常来讲，如果一个句子以副词性从句开头...
Generally speaking, you're going to put a comma.
通常来说，你要用一个逗号隔开。
Now, in today's writing, more and more writers don't like commas.
现如今，越来越多的作家在写作时不喜欢用逗号。
If they can avoid it...If I can take it out and still make sense, and it's still very clear and very easy to understand what's going on, take it out.
如果他们能不用逗号...如果我把逗号拿掉不会影响句意，而且依然能清楚简单地理解句子含义，那么就拿掉逗号。
If you're not sure, if you're starting a sentence with an adverb, just put a comma at the end of the adverb clause before your independent clause.
如果你不能确定，而且你的句子以一个副词性从句开头，那就在副词性从句的结尾，独立分句之前添上一个逗号。
When you get into mixed sentences where you have clauses inside clauses, then it starts becoming more confusing, but it's still very logical, but I'll do that in a separate lesson.
如果你遇到混合句，里面一个分句套一个分句，开始看起来会更困惑，但它依然是非常有逻辑的，但这个我会在另一个独立课程里讲。
Embedded clauses that everything sort of mixes up together.
嵌入式分句是各部分混合在一起。
You have all three clauses in one sentence.It's a little confusing.
一个句子里有三个分句。这会让人有些困惑。
Let's look at this sentence: "I rarely eat pizza, although I love it, because it's unhealthy."
让我们看这个句子：“我很少吃披萨，尽管我喜欢它，因为它不利于健康。”
Now, if you're saying this sentence, if you're speaking it, no problem, the person will understand you.
如果你说这个句子，如果你说的话，没问题，大家都能理解你的意思。
This is not a good sentence to write out, in written English. Why?
在书面英语中，这并不是一个适于写作的好句子。为什么呢？
Because sometimes you want to place your clauses in a relationship that makes sense.
因为有时候你想把分句放在一对关系中使其说得通。
"I rarely eat pizza, althoughI love it", okay, no problem.
“我很少吃披萨，尽管我喜欢它。”，没问题。
But if I put: "because it's unhealthy", now, the "because" is about the rarely eat, not about the "I love it".
但如果我加上：“因为它不利于健康“，这样 "because" 修饰很少吃披萨，而不是修饰“我喜欢披萨”。
I don't love it because it's unhealthy.I love it because it...Well, it's delicious.I don't eat it because it's unhealthy.
我不喜欢它，因为它不利于健康。我喜欢它因为...嗯，因为它很好吃。我不吃它因为它不利于健康。
So you have to be very careful about positioning your adverb clauses.Make sure that the relationship makes sense.
所以你必须小心安置副词性从句。确保关联性是合理的。
In this case, because this one is connected to this...to this clause, it seems to go together and it seems to show the relationship there.
在这个例子中，因为这两者之间是相关的...所以看起来可以连在一起，可以体现关联性。
Again, when you're speaking it, then you will say: "I rarely eat pizza, although I love it, because it's unhealthy."
再说一次，当你说这句话时，你会说：“我很少吃披萨，尽管我喜欢它，因为它不利于健康。”
So then to the person listening, this goes with this.This is the actual sentence, and this is an aside.
而对于听者来说，这个分句伴随这个分句。这是实义句，而这个是同位语。
But very difficult to make a reader understand that.So go with the logical connections, try to put adverb clauses...
但对于读者来说是很难理解的。所以需要伴随逻辑连接，试着加上副词性从句...
Or try to put clauses together so that the relationship is very clear. Okay?
或者试着将分句放在一起，这样关系会更清楚，对吧？
Now, let's look at this one. Just I want to drive this home about the relationship.
接着让我们看下这个句子，我想要真正理解分句间的关系。
It's so important to understand the relationships between clauses.
理解分句之间的关系是至关重要的。
"Although I love pizzaI, I eat it often."Now, does this sentence make sense?No, of course not.
“尽管我喜欢披萨，我经常吃它。”这样这个句子说得通么？当然不。
Because the reader or even the listener in this case, as soon as the reader or listener hears this word they're listening for two opposite things,
因为在这个例子中，当读者或者听者一听到这个词时，他们就等着听两件相反的事，
two contrasting ideas, or actions, or whatever the case.
两个对立的观点或者行为或随便什么。
So: "love", good;"eat often", good.Positive, positive. There's no contrast. Right?
所以："love"，正面的，“eat often”，正面。正面，正面、没有对比，对吧？
So the thing you have to remember...So, what's the relationship here?
所以你必须记得...这里的关系是什么？
"Because". "Because I love pizza I eat it often."Notice here I didn't put the comma.
“因为”，“因为我喜欢披萨所以我经常吃它。”注意这里我没有用逗号。
With "because", very uncommon to use the comma, but again, you could.
有 "because” 的话，一般不会用逗号，但是，你也可以用。
You don't need to because it's very clear, the relationship.
但你不需要加逗号，因为关系是很清楚的。
It's very clear you have two separate clauses here.Leave it out, it's fine.
很明显这里有两个分句，不用加逗号，这样就很好。
Okay. Let's look at some more examples.Okay, a couple more notes I want to mention.
让我们多看几个例子。我还想说一些需要注意的事项。
Usually adverb clauses can go-excuse me-at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle, or at the end, etc.
通常副词性从句可以在句子的开头，中间或者结尾等部分。
You can put it pretty much anywhere.
你可以把它放在句子的任何位置。
However, in some cases it's recommended to put it in the middle after the independent clause.
然而，在一些情况下，建议将它放在句子中间，在独立分句后面。
So, for example: "Joe took a week off work so that his wife could take a training course."
比如：“ 乔休了一周的假，以便他的妻子可以参加一门培训课。”
So he took a week off for the purpose of giving his wife time.
所以他休了一周假是为了让他妻子能腾出时间。
Now, can I begin this sentence:"So that his wife could take a training course, Joe took a week off work"?
那这个句子我可以这样开头么？“以便他的妻子能参加一门培训课，乔休了一周假。”
Can I say that?Yes. Do I want to say that?
我可以这么说吗？当然，我想这么说么？
No. I would rather start with this, because the purpose first of all is more important than what he did. Okay?
不想。我更愿意这么说，因为首先目的比乔做了什么更重要。
Unless I want to stress the time off, then I would switch it.
除非我想强调他休假的时间，那么我会转换顺序。
But generally, with "so that", I always put the actual purpose second and the first action first, because you always do something...like cause and effect.
但通常来说，有 "so that"在的话，我总是把实际意义放在后半部分，把行为放在前面，因为大家总是这么做...像因果关系。
Why do you do this?For this purpose.So it has a logical flow.
你为什么这么做？为了这个目的。这是一个逻辑流程。
But again, you don't have to, you could put it at beginning, put the comma, finish it off, perfectly okay.Now, one last thing I want to mention.
但是，你不一定要这么做，你可以把它放在句子开头，加上逗号，结束句子，完全没问题。我想说最后一件事。
You can have sentences that have adverb clauses within adverb clauses.
一个句子可以有一个副词性从句嵌套在另一个副词性从句中。
It can be a little bit confusing, but again, as long as you make sure you understand the relationships between all the pieces, it works out.
这可能会让人有些困惑，但是，只要你确保理解了各部分之间的关系，那就行得通。
"You should stay home because if you go there there will be trouble." Okay?
“你应该待在家里，因为如果你去的话会很麻烦。”
You should stay home because there will be trouble.But there will only be trouble if you go.
你应该待在家里因为会很麻烦。但是只有你去才会有麻烦。
So, basically, what am I doing here?I'm emphasizing the first part: Stay home.
所以，总的来说，这里我是想干什么？我在强调第一部分：待在家里。
If you don't stay home, there will be trouble.
如果你不待在家里，就会有麻烦。
So you should stay home because if you don't there will be trouble. Right?
所以你应该待在家里，因为如果你不这么做就会有麻烦。对吧？
So here the confusing part for some people is: "because if".You have two conjunctions. Right?
一些感到困惑的部分是："because if"。这里有两个连词。
So, basically, what is going on here: This whole thing is the reason. Okay?"You should stay home".
所以，总的来说，这是怎么回事：整个这部分都是原因。“你应该待在家里”。
Now, the thing you want to do, you want to count your subjects and verbs.
你现在想做的是，你想找出句子的主语和动词。
Subject: "You should stay". Okay?That's one clause."Because there will be", subject and verb.
主语："You should stay", 对吧？这是一个分句。"Because there will be"，这是主语，这是动词，
Well, subject...Sorry, this is the conjunction and verb, and subject and verb.
好，主语...抱歉，这里是连词和动词，这里是主语和动词。
As long as you have different clauses, each of these conjunctions...
只要你有不同的分句，这些连词每个都可以用...
This conjunction has a clause, this conjunction has a clause.They both work, they both work together.
这个连词连着一个分句，这个连着一个分句。它们都是可行的，它们连在一起也是可行的。
"Because there will be trouble" is too general."Because if you go there will be trouble".
“因为会有麻烦”意思太宽泛了。“因为如果你去了就会有麻烦”。
I want to emphasize the going, which is why you should stay home. Okay?So it works.
我想强调“去了”，这是你为什么应该待在家里。所以这样是可行的。
But, again, I'm going to look at more deeply at embedded clauses...
但是，再次强调，在嵌入式从句方面，我会更深入地讲解。
I'm going to...You can watch that in a different lesson.It's very...It's a little bit confusing.
你可以在另一个课程里看到。它是非常...它会使人有些困惑。
It's definitely very advanced grammar, but you can watch it there and try to get a better idea.
嵌入式从句的确是非常高级的语法，但是你可以通过观看课程从而试着更好的理解它。
Because sometimes, especially if you're reading academic material, you'll see very long sentences with like five, six, seven clauses;
因为有些时候，特别是你阅读学术材料时，你会看到非常长的句子，带有五六七个分句；
noun clauses, adjective clauses, adverb clauses, adverb clause inside an adjective clause.All kinds of mixed sentences.
包括名词性从句，形容词从句，副词性从句，形容词从句套副词性从句。各种各样的混合句。
As long as you can break all the pieces down, as long as you can understand the function of each word, each clause, each phrase, you can understand any sentence in English. Okay?
只要你能把各部分分解开来，只要你能理解每句话，每个分句，每个短语的意思，你就能理解任何英语句子。
So, if you like this lesson, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
如果你喜欢这门课，请订阅我的 YouTube 频道。
If you have any questions about this lesson, please go to www. engvid. com.
如果你对这门课有任何问题，请登录 www. engvid. com。
You can join the discussion board.Ask me any question, I'll gladly answer it.
你可以进入讨论区。可以问我任何问题，我很乐意为你解答。
There's also a quiz where you can practice some of these adverb clauses and see more example sentences.And I'll see you next time.Bye.
那里还有一个小测试，你可以练习这些副词性从句还可以查看更多例句。下次再见。拜拜。
