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During episodes of political contestation
当政治纷争
between rich and poor lineages or ancient and newer ones
在贫富血统间或是在新旧血统之间产生时便是如此
In this environment a noble seeking the benefits of his class
此环境下，一个贵族若要谋求其阶级的利益
such as election to a high status or a remunerative office counted on his lineage mates first
比如在选举中升职或谋求更有油水的职位，首先得依靠他的家族配偶
Then his lineage's allies to gather votes in the great council where most elections were held
其次是其家族的盟友才能在举行选举的议会上拉票
But whether they were politically ambitious
他们无论是出于政治野心
or economically dependent on office stipends
还是经济上依靠官俸
or simply securing for themselves the privileges of their class
或是只想确保自己享有阶级特权
nobles relied on the support and connections available to them as members of their lineage
贵族们都要依赖于有效的支持和亲属关系的纽带，这些都基于他们的家族成员身份
Though I'll discuss later that they relied on other sources of support as well
不过待会儿我会讲到，他们也依赖于别处的支持
Another thing about those lineages was that like all European elites of the time
下面是关于他们血统的另一方面，和当时欧洲所有的上层阶级一样
Venice's patriciate was male centered in every formal respect
威尼斯的贵族阶级方方面面都以男性主导
Men were legally favored in inheritance
男性依法享有财产优先继承权
They were the titular heads of households
他们是名义上的户主
They had hereditary right to participate in government which was of course denied to their sisters
世袭享有参政的权力，女人们却不能享有这一切
And their houses the cazzate, the lineages within them
他们的府邸，其中的整个家族
And the individual households were all defined on the basis of patrilineal descent
乃至单个家庭的定义都基于父系血统
At the level of the individual family
说到在单个家庭的层面
brothers were bound together in a system of undivided inheritance
兄弟间的纽带建立在不可分割的继承权这一制度上
The fraternal which lasted two generations
这一纽带跨越两代人
That meant that the brothers' sons
这意味着几兄弟的儿子们
were born into an intergenerational continuity of shared economic interest
自出生便可共享这一连续两代间的纽带，进而共享经济利益
Women had a completely different status
妇女的地位则完全不同
They bore their father's name until they married and in that sense they were members of the lineage
婚前被冠以父名。标志她是某家族成员
But it was a second class membership
但却是低人一等的成员
For one thing sisters were not included in the fraterna
一方面女人并不像她们的兄弟一样享有继承权
But there's a more telling symbolic indication of their ambiguous family membership
另一事实可以说明她们的家族成员名分模棱两可
In the 16th century patrician lineages started keeping systematic records of their genealogies and marriages
贵族阶级在16世纪就开始登记族谱和婚姻
But while those compilations recorded the first names of men
男人的名字被记录入册
The women were literally anonymous listed simply as the daughter of so and so
而女人却成为无名氏仅仅被登记为某某之女
or the wife of so and so without their given names
或某某之妻，她们的名字不予记载
yet things get complicated around the identification of the wife of so and so
而事情往往复杂在某某之妻的身份鉴定上
Precisely because all the kinship levels were male structured
准确来说是因为血缘关系都以男性为主体
Women occupied an alternative almost contrapuntal place in the patriciate
贵族阶级中女人占据可有可无甚至是次要的地位
That ambiguous lineage orientation for women
将女人在家族定位中模糊化
was in fact an engine of social contingency and complexity set in motion by marriage
其实是社会变故的手段而推动了这一复杂局面的正是婚姻
