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科学美国人60秒:古代岩石艺术受益于细菌

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  • This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.
  • 这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列,我是克里斯托弗·因塔格里塔。
  • Modern painters usually get art supplies from a store—you want red paint, you buy red paint.
  • 当代画家通常在商店就能买到美术用品,你想要红色颜料,那就买红色颜料。
  • But thousands of years ago, indigenous artists in what went on to become British Columbia
  • 但数千年前,在现今不列填哥伦比亚的土著艺术家,
  • actually cooked a slurry of aquatic bacteria to produce their distinctive red paints.
  • 实际上通过熬煮水生菌浆液来制作其独特的红色颜料。
  • "Well, yeah, it was a long time ago; there were no art stores.
  • “没错,很久以前没有美术商店。
  • That's what got us interested in exploring it further, because it was just such a complex series of steps to produce this paint."
  • 不过,这令我们有兴趣进一步探寻,因为制作这种颜料需要一系列复杂步骤。”
  • Brandi MacDonald. She works in archaeological science at the University of Missouri Research Reactor,
  • 布兰迪·麦克唐纳说到。她在密苏里大学研究用反应堆的考古学部门工作,
  • that's a nuclear reactor used for studies in a wide variety of disciplines.
  • 研究用反应堆是用于多种学科研究的核反应堆。
  • The paint MacDonald examined was on a fragment of ancient rock art from central British Columbia.
  • 麦克唐纳调查的颜料来自不列颠哥伦比亚省中部的古代岩画碎片。
  • Indigenous artists there had used a distinctive ochre pigment to paint rocks with designs of otters, fish, caribou, beavers and canoes.
  • 当地艺术家用一种独特的赭色颜料在岩石上画水獭、鱼、北美驯鹿、河狸和独木舟等图案。
  • Under an electron microscope, MacDonald saw tiny tubules in the paint—structures produced by a particular microbe—
  • 在电子显微镜下,麦克唐纳看到颜料中有细管,这是一种特殊细菌产生的结构,
  • that tipped her off that the iron oxide pigment might be of biological origin.
  • 这让她知道这种氧化铁颜料可能有生物来源。
  • She later determined the pigment was produced by the aquatic bacterium Leptothrix ochracea.
  • 她后来确定,这种颜料由水生菌赭色纤毛菌制造。
  • "It kinda floats as this brownish auburn, orangish algal mat at the surfaces of little freshwater streams.
  • “它有点像褐色的赤褐色、橙色的海藻垫,漂浮在淡水小溪水面。
  • And so it takes iron out of iron-enriched water and uses that as energy to grow these little colonies."
  • 因此,它从富含铁的水中提取铁,并将其用作能量来培育这些小菌落。”
  • But the substance wasn't just straight bacterial paint.
  • 但这种物质不仅仅是纯细菌涂料。
  • The microscopic structure looked like it was cooked, too, to make the pigment more durable and colorfast.
  • 它的显微结构看起来也像煮过,使色素更持久且不褪色。
  • To test that idea, MacDonald and her team gathered mats of this bacterium from a stream in Maine.
  • 为了验证这个想法,麦克唐纳及其团队从缅因州的一条小溪中收集了这种细菌的菌垫。
  • They heated it under the electron microscope.
  • 然后将其置于电子显微镜下加热。
  • And they saw that the materials in the pigment crystallized—
  • 他们发现颜料中的物质结晶了,
  • changes they'd also seen in the original sample—which would make the paint more resistant to breaking down.
  • 这是他们在原始样品中看到的变化,这将使颜料更不易分解。
  • The results—and links to incredible videos of that bubbling, cooking pigment—are in the journal Scientific Reports.
  • 研究结果以及这种冒泡、熬煮颜料的令人难以置信的视频链接刊登在《科学报告》期刊上。
  • MacDonald's team is now working with indigenous communities in central British Columbia
  • 麦克唐纳的团队现在正与不列颠哥伦比亚省中部的土著社区合作,
  • to learn more about the history of rock art there and how it was produced—and to share these new microscopic insights into this ancient art.
  • 以更多地了解该地岩石艺术的历史及其产生方式,并分享有关这一古老艺术的新的微观见解。
  • Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
  • 谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。


扫描二维码进行跟读打分训练
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重点讲解:
1. a series of 一连串;一系列;连续;接连;
A series of technical foul-ups delayed the launch of the new product.
一系列技术问题延误了新产品的上市7F(H!V*X|gxiO0E4C~
2. a variety of 各式各样;多种多样;
West Hampstead has a variety of good shops and supermarkets.
西汉普斯特德有各种各样不错的店铺和超级市场UqqcXvOJ[x
3. tip off 给…通风报信;暗中告知;
Greg tipped police off on his car phone about a suspect drunk driver.
格雷格用他的汽车电话向警方报告了一个有酒后驾驶嫌疑的司机SDiH11i(Xf6bxUk_X
4. break down (使)(物质)分解;
The oil is attacked by naturally occurring microbes which break it down.
原油受到了自然产生的分解油类物质的微生物的侵蚀TZw.6JXAdmrL.16hH

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重点单词   查看全部解释    
bacterium [bæk'tiəriəm]

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n. 细菌

 
pigment ['pigmənt]

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n. 色素,颜料 v. 把 ... 加颜色,变色

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produce [prə'dju:s]

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n. 产品,农作物
vt. 生产,提出,引起,

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complex ['kɔmpleks]

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adj. 复杂的,复合的,合成的
n. 复合体

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original [ə'ridʒənl]

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adj. 最初的,原始的,有独创性的,原版的

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microscopic ['maikrə'skɔpik]

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adj. 显微镜的,极小的,微观的

 
fragment ['frægmənt]

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n. 碎片
v. 变成碎片
[计算机

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microscope ['maikrəskəup]

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n. 显微镜

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resistant [ri'zistənt]

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adj. 抵抗的,反抗的
n. 抵抗者

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substance ['sʌbstəns]

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n. 物质,实质,内容,重要性,财产

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