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VOA建国史话(翻译+字幕+讲解):美国的奴隶制

时间:2018-11-19 18:42:00 来源:可可英语编辑:kelly 可可英语APP下载 | 可可官方微信:ikekenet

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Today, we tell about slavery, and how it affected the history of the United States.
今天，我们为您讲述奴隶制及其对美国历史的影响。

Slavery is one person controlling or owning another.
奴隶制指的是一个人控制或占有另一个人。

Some history experts say it began following the development of farming about ten thousand years ago.
一些历史学家表示，奴隶制从一万年前农业发展就开始了。

People forced prisoners of war to work for them. Other slaves were criminals or people who could not re-pay money they owed.
战俘、罪犯或无法偿还欠款的人沦为奴隶。

Experts say the first known slaves existed in the Sumerian society of what is now Iraq more than five thousand years ago.
专家表示，已知的第一批奴隶出现在5000多年前的苏美尔社会，也就是现在的伊拉克一带。

Slavery also existed among people in China, India, Africa, the Middle East and the Americas.
奴隶制也存在于中国、印度、非洲、中东和美洲地区。

It expanded as trade and industry increased.
奴隶制随着贸易和工业的增长而有所扩大。

This increase created a demand for a labor force to produce goods for export. Slaves did most of the work.
贸易和工业的发展增加了出口商品生产的劳动力需求，从而带动了奴隶制的发展。

Most ancient people thought of slavery as a natural condition that could happen to anyone at any time.
古代的大多数人认为，奴隶制是自然产生的，可能在任何时候，任何人身上发生。

Few saw it as evil or unfair. In most cities, slaves could be freed by their owners and become citizens.
没有人认为奴隶制是邪恶或不公的。在大多数城市，奴隶可以被奴隶主释放，成为公民。

In later times, slaves provided the labor needed to produce products that were in demand.
后来，奴隶为产品生产提供了必要的劳动力。

Sugar was one of these products. Italians established large sugar farms beginning around the twelfth century.
蔗糖就是一个例子。12世纪前后，意大利人建立了大型蔗糖农场。

They used slaves from Russia and other parts of Europe to do the work.
他们使用来自俄罗斯和欧洲其它地区的奴隶。

By the year thirteen hundred, African blacks had begun to replace the Russian slaves.
到一千三百年，非洲黑人奴隶开始取代俄罗斯的奴隶。

They were bought or captured from North African Arabs, who used them as slaves for years.
这些人是从北非阿拉伯人手中买来或俘获的，多年来一直作为奴隶使用。

By the fifteen hundreds, Spain and Portugal had American colonies.
到16世纪时，西班牙和葡萄牙已在美洲建立了殖民地。

The Europeans made native Indians work in large farms and mines in the colonies.
欧洲人让土著印第安人在殖民地的大农场和矿山做工。

Most of the Indians died from European diseases and poor treatment.
大多数印第安人死于欧洲疾病和虐待。

So the Spanish and Portuguese began to bring in people from West Africa as slaves.
因此，西班牙人和葡萄牙人开始从西非引进奴隶。

France, Britain and the Netherlands did the same in their American colonies.
法国、英国和荷兰在其美洲殖民地也采取了同样的做法。

England's southern colonies in North America developed a farm economy that could not survive without slave labor.
英格兰在北美的南部殖民地发展了一种完全依靠奴隶的农业经济。

Many slaves lived on large farms called plantations.
许多奴隶住在被称为种植园的大农场里。

These large farms produced important crops traded by the colony, crops such as cotton and tobacco.
这些大农场生产重要作物，如棉花和烟草，由殖民地交易。

Each plantation was like a small village owned by one family.
每个种植园就像一个家庭小农庄，

That family lived in a large house, usually facing a river.
住在面朝河流的大房子里。

Many separate buildings were needed on a plantation.
种植园里还有许多独立的建筑。

For example, a building was needed for cooking.
例如，厨房、

And buildings were needed for workers to produce goods such as furniture that were used on the plantation.
工人生产商品（比如种植园里使用的家具）的作坊。

The plantation business was farming.
种植园的业务是农业。

So there also were barns for animals and buildings for holding and drying crops.
所以也有谷仓以及用于存放和晾晒农作物的场地。

There was a house to smoke meat so could be kept safely.
还有用于熏肉的地方、

And there was a place on the river from which goods were sent to England on ships.
河边设有码头，码头上的货物通过船只运往英国。

The plantation owner controlled the farm and saw that it earned money.
种植园主控制着农场，依靠农场盈利，

He supervised, fed and clothed the people living on it, including the slaves.
种植园主管理着农场里的所有人（包括奴隶），并为他们提供食物和衣服。

Big plantations might have two hundred slaves.
大的种植园可能有200名奴隶。

They worked in the fields on crops that would be sold or eaten by the people who lived on the plantation.
他们在田地里耕种，供种植园里的人们出售或食用。

They also raised animals for meat and milk.
他们还饲养动物以获取肉类和牛奶。

Field slaves worked very long and hard. They worked each day from the time the sun rose until it set.
田地里干活的奴隶工作时间很长，特别辛苦，日出而做，日落而息。

Many of these slaves lived in extremely poor conditions in small houses with no heat or furniture.
许多奴隶住在条件极其恶劣，没有暖气，也没有家具的小房子里。

Sometimes, five or ten people lived together in one room.
有时候，一个房间里要住上五个人，或者十个人。

House slaves usually lived in the owner's house. They did the cooking and cleaning in the house.
家宅奴隶通常住在主人的房子里，负责做饭和打扫卫生。

House slaves worked fewer hours than field slaves, but were more closely supervised by the owner and his family.
他们的工作时间比农奴短，但在主人一家的严格监督之下。

Laws approved in the southern colonies made it illegal for slaves to marry, own property or earn their freedom.
法律规定，南方殖民地的奴隶结婚、拥有财产或获得自由都是非法的。

These laws also did not permit slaves to be educated, or even to learn to read.
法律也不允许奴隶接受教育，甚至不允许他们看书学习。

But some owners permitted their slaves to earn their freedom, or gave them money for good work.
但有些奴隶主却用自由或者金钱的方式奖励表现较好的奴隶。

Other owners punished slaves to get them to work.
其他奴隶主则惩罚表现较差的奴隶，

These punishments included beatings, withholding food and threatening to sell members of a slave's family.
包括殴打，扣留食物，威胁卖掉其家庭成员。

Some plantation owners executed slaves suspected of serious crimes by hanging them or burning them alive.
一些种植园主通过绞刑或活活烧死的方式来处决那些被怀疑犯有严重罪行的奴隶。

History experts say that people who were rich enough to own many slaves became leaders in their local areas.
历史学家表示，当地的领袖都是拥有许多奴隶的富裕的种植园主。

They were members of the local governments.
他们是地方政府官员，

They attended meetings of the legislatures in the capitals of their colonies usually two times a year.
通常一年两次参加殖民地首府的立法会议。

Slave owners had the time and the education to greatly influence political life in the southern colonies,
奴隶主有时间和知识来极大地影响南方殖民地的政治生活，

because the hard work on their farms was done by slaves.
因为奴隶们承担着农场的辛勤工作。

Today, most people in the world condemn slavery.
时至今日，世界上大多数人谴责奴隶制

That was not true in the early years of the American nation. Many Americans thought slavery was evil, but necessary.
美国建国初期的人们并不这样认为。许多美国人认为奴隶制虽然罪恶的但却是必要的。

Yet owning slaves was common among the richer people in the early seventeen hundreds.
然而在十八世纪早期，富人拥有奴隶是很普遍的一件事情。

Many of the leaders in the colonies who fought for American independence owned slaves.
许多参加美国独立战争的殖民地领袖们也是奴隶主。

This was true in the northern colonies as well as the southern ones.
北方殖民地和南方殖民地皆是如此。

One example is the famous American diplomat, inventor and businessman Benjamin Franklin.
美国著名的外交家、发明家、商人本杰明·富兰克林就是一个例子。

He owned slaves for thirty years and sold them at his general store.
他拥有奴隶长达三十年，并在其杂货店里出售奴隶。

But his ideas about slavery changed during his long life.
但他的一生对奴隶制的看法发生了改变。

Benjamin Franklin started the first schools to teach blacks and later argued for their freedom.
本杰明·富兰克林创办了第一所黑人学校，后来努力为黑人争取自由。

Slavery did not become a force in the northern colonies mainly because of economic reasons.
奴隶制并没有成为北方殖民地的一股力量，主要是因为经济原因。

Cold weather and poor soil could not support such a farm economy as was found in the South.
寒冷的天气和贫瘠的土壤无法支撑像南方那样的农业经济。

As a result, the North came to depend on manufacturing and trade.
结果，北方开始依赖制造业和贸易。

Trade was the way colonists got the English goods they needed.
通过贸易，殖民者获得所需的英国商品，

It was also the way to earn money by selling products found in the New World.
也能销售新大陆的产品。

New England became a center for such trade across the seas.
新英格兰成为了跨国贸易的中心。

The people who lived there became shipbuilders so they could send the products to England.
当地人建造船只，以便把产品运到英国。

They used local wood to build the ships. They also sold wood and wood products.
造船的材料是当地的木材，他们还销售木材和木制品。

They became businessmen carrying goods around the world.
把产品销往世界各地。

The New England shipbuilding towns near the Atlantic Ocean grew quickly as a result.
因此，位于大西洋附近的新英格兰造船城镇迅速发展。

The largest of these towns was Boston, Massachusetts.
其中最大的是马萨诸塞州的波士顿。

By seventeen twenty, it had more than ten thousand people.
到1720年，波士顿已经高达一万多人。

Only two towns in England were larger: London and Bristol.
仅次于英国的伦敦和布里斯托尔。

More than twenty-five percent of the men in Boston had invested in shipping or worked in it.
波士顿超过25%的男性曾投资或从事过航运工作。

Ship captains and businessmen held most of the public offices.
政府大多数官员都是船长和商人。

The American colonies traded goods such as whale oil, ginger, iron, wood, and rum, an alcoholic drink made from sugarcane.
美洲殖民地买卖的商品包括鲸脂油、生姜、铁、木材和朗姆酒，朗姆酒是一种用甘蔗制成的酒精饮料。

Ships carried these goods from the New England colonies to Africa. There, they were traded for African people.
船只把这些货物从新英格兰殖民地运到非洲，用来交换非洲人。

The Africans had been captured by enemy tribesmen and sold to African slave traders.
这些非洲人被敌国部落俘虏然后卖给非洲奴隶贩子。

The New England boat captains would buy as many as they could put on their ships.
新英格兰的船长们会换取尽可能多的奴隶。

The conditions on these ships were very cruel. The Africans were put in so tightly they could hardly move.
船上的条件非常恶劣，非洲人紧挨在一起，几乎动弹不得。

Some were chained. Many killed themselves rather than live under such conditions.
一些人还被锁链拴着，许多人宁愿自杀也不愿生活在这样的条件下。

Others died of sicknesses they developed on the ship.
还有人病死在床上。

Yet many did survive the trip, and became slaves in the southern colonies, or in the Caribbean islands.
然而，许多人幸存了下来，成为南部殖民地或加勒比群岛的奴隶。

Black slaves were needed to work on Caribbean sugar plantations.
加勒比的甘蔗种植园需要黑人奴隶。

The southern American colonies needed them to work on the tobacco and rice plantations.
南美殖民地需要他们在烟草和水稻种植园工作。

By seventeen fifty, almost twenty-five percent of the total number of people in the American colonies were black slaves.
到1750年，在美国殖民地的人口中，将近25%是黑奴。

From the fifteen hundreds to the eighteen hundreds, Europeans sent about twelve million black slaves from Africa to America. Almost two million of them died on the way.
从16世纪到19世纪，欧洲人从非洲向美洲运送了大约1200万黑奴。其中近200万人死于途中。

History experts say English ships carried the greatest number of Africans into slavery.
历史学家表示，推动非洲人成为奴隶主要来自英国的船只。

One slave ship captain came to hate what he was doing, and turned to religion.
一名奴隶船长开始憎恨他所做的事情，转而信仰宗教。

His name was John Newton. He stopped taking part in slave trade and became a leader in the Anglican Church.
他的名字叫约翰·牛顿。约翰·牛顿停止了奴隶贸易，成为英国国教的领袖。

He is famous for having written this song, "Amazing Grace".
他还写了著名的歌曲“奇异恩典”。

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每个种植园就像一个家庭小农庄，住在面朝河流的大房子里Jwn2FSbQJ,。种植园里还有许多独立的建筑3;_r617Xd-zNEOW。例如，厨房、工人生产商品（比如种植园里使用的家具）的作坊!+2(CybE+%PJtN6wL;XR。种植园的业务是农业%ubZ%YjzAdguf6&OgrH2。所以也有谷仓以及用于存放和晾晒农作物的场地8vLc!c0E%8pfj5.;nyyB。还有用于熏肉的地方、河边设有码头，码头上的货物通过船只运往英国@RUPl]|@_+)nE35R。种植园主控制着农场，依靠农场盈利，种植园主管理着农场里的所有人（包括奴隶），并为他们提供食物和衣服JBk)QD+QAh5。大的种植园可能有200名奴隶TUQqulLlhuebkCPmHny。他们在田地里耕种，供种植园里的人们出售或食用YS|vc)2M87。他们还饲养动物以获取肉类和牛奶~~87btSwK4LWo4。田地里干活的奴隶工作时间很长，特别辛苦，日出而做，日落而息LKP.RuSO~%E!x。许多奴隶住在条件极其恶劣，没有暖气，也没有家具的小房子里((rO=yZo8c)bYLz!。有时候，一个房间里要住上五个人，或者十个人1sJ11+TOTE0B]Up~3-VB。家宅奴隶通常住在主人的房子里，负责做饭和打扫卫生1I&)ULB0tvaV=bW(%。他们的工作时间比农奴短，但在主人一家的严格监督之下IpA1gaq|dkSO-。法律规定，南方殖民地的奴隶结婚、拥有财产或获得自由都是非法的d!J*s1;Vw8xrj0g4B。法律也不允许奴隶接受教育，甚至不允许他们看书学习s]ZJ36Gfpf#k(;3x%u。但有些奴隶主却用自由或者金钱的方式奖励表现较好的奴隶!7%)Ec9Otc69F;。其他奴隶主则惩罚表现较差的奴隶，包括殴打，扣留食物，威胁卖掉其家庭成员6.+Mfj!,DQ=G4~]BI;m。

一些种植园主通过绞刑或活活烧死的方式来处决那些被怀疑犯有严重罪行的奴隶CzH7@Tc[f0Yk9R。历史学家表示，当地的领袖都是拥有许多奴隶的富裕的种植园主n[Omuki[o,!~HZ3=hCC。他们是地方政府官员，通常一年两次参加殖民地首府的立法会议kcAbrJ)MSHz|y。奴隶主有时间和知识来极大地影响南方殖民地的政治生活，因为奴隶们承担着农场的辛勤工作i@oBTMABt;。时至今日，世界上大多数人谴责奴隶制美国建国初期的人们并不这样认为w_y(uX9Gdk(X。许多美国人认为奴隶制虽然罪恶的但却是必要的AvQ)s6+L*i3。然而在十八世纪早期，富人拥有奴隶是很普遍的一件事情^C,eAfKsOyXsHjF。许多参加美国独立战争的殖民地领袖们也是奴隶主8j]IPIx;NrIBJL,u5;。北方殖民地和南方殖民地皆是如此Ed0*!IKa6%P*])YA。美国著名的外交家、发明家、商人本杰明•富兰克林就是一个例子m*B[f1rYMp0QnSb。他拥有奴隶长达三十年，并在其杂货店里出售奴隶@,iqJswt,kl*,V。但他的一生对奴隶制的看法发生了改变lJ#bY#DCv@M37。本杰明•富兰克林创办了第一所黑人学校，后来努力为黑人争取自由eG3dYtW7Z65.。奴隶制并没有成为北方殖民地的一股力量，主要是因为经济原因],3ikL2wq^)@h。寒冷的天气和贫瘠的土壤无法支撑像南方那样的农业经济vkYPykSL.3o6!ua!V。结果，北方开始依赖制造业和贸易~Yl1pnxP9m。通过贸易，殖民者获得所需的英国商品，也能销售新大陆的产品q=%KTA.-9K+b).。新英格兰成为了跨国贸易的中心jaU=cBTxC.U)P#b508(T。当地人建造船只，以便把产品运到英国oSVxjPI9PBsZco]O;p。造船的材料是当地的木材，他们还销售木材和木制品;.=M@7R_dF。把产品销往世界各地-%kQiDl!M]i=QvjI。因此，位于大西洋附近的新英格兰造船城镇迅速发展h*6e*1!P8yHl-0gYt&;*。

其中最大的是马萨诸塞州的波士顿YA.;vQsPes&。到1720年，波士顿已经高达一万多人y1(y@EGg3@。仅次于英国的伦敦和布里斯托尔b,)F^&t-L%+。波士顿超过25%的男性曾投资或从事过航运工作gJ]^YjSZRTO7B9N。政府大多数官员都是船长和商人bv@nuS@gFca7|5PcO。美洲殖民地买卖的商品包括鲸脂油、生姜、铁、木材和朗姆酒，朗姆酒是一种用甘蔗制成的酒精饮料,sZQ8xpWE!%8z|C。船只把这些货物从新英格兰殖民地运到非洲，用来交换非洲人j*[24wedDbh9。这些非洲人被敌国部落俘虏然后卖给非洲奴隶贩子^Omdu+l!j,l1#。新英格兰的船长们会换取尽可能多的奴隶zZ^R,TH1W-e)x。船上的条件非常恶劣，非洲人紧挨在一起，几乎动弹不得8FO+0[8D#tl4r。一些人还被锁链拴着，许多人宁愿自杀也不愿生活在这样的条件下4a)C)Va*uS(7M4|。还有人病死在床上t5F;;O*69RytUZ[Y[~h~。然而，许多人幸存了下来，成为南部殖民地或加勒比群岛的奴隶rO^.C_LF(L(+7^]。加勒比的甘蔗种植园需要黑人奴隶T|%rud2a5~2^;!mov。南美殖民地需要他们在烟草和水稻种植园工作n*1)t)Bh@H4。到1750年，在美国殖民地的人口中，将近25%是黑奴iWQ452g7bl&d7#-t8。从16世纪到19世纪，欧洲人从非洲向美洲运送了大约1200万黑奴BvdClHrWYak@%。其中近200万人死于途中FBGJCXPO,B!6kWz。历史学家表示，推动非洲人成为奴隶主要来自英国的船只3[Yfs.WUWB^|j。一名奴隶船长开始憎恨他所做的事情，转而信仰宗教zZ8=oKS+eRu|XPSc,。他的名字叫约翰•牛顿4W[wVM8x5_uoJ#4RZ。约翰•牛顿停止了奴隶贸易，成为英国国教的领袖hylw7Qs%l1|jV。他还写了著名的歌曲“奇异恩典”=LwReD6jvz。

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重点单词		查看全部解释
property	['prɔpəti]	想一想再看 n. 财产，所有物，性质，地产，道具	联想记忆 X 单词property 联想记忆： proper拥有+ty→财产；所有物；特性
survive	[sə'vaiv]	想一想再看 vt. 比 ... 活得长，幸免于难，艰难度过	联想记忆 X 单词survive 联想记忆： sur下面，vive＝live－在下面活着－幸存
permit	['pə:mit,pə'mit]	想一想再看 n. 许可证，执照 v. 允许，许可	联想记忆 X 单词permit 联想记忆： per始终＋mit=send送，放出→始终放出来→许可，允许
established	[is'tæbliʃt]	想一想再看 adj. 已被确认的，确定的，建立的，制定的动词est
extremely	[iks'tri:mli]	想一想再看 adv. 极其，非常	联想记忆 X 单词extremely 联想记忆： extreme极端的+ly表副词，通常放在形容词后→过分地
separate	['sepəreit]	想一想再看 n. 分开，抽印本 adj. 分开的，各自的，
grace	[greis]	想一想再看 n. 优美，优雅，恩惠 vt. 使荣耀，使优美	联想记忆 X 单词grace 联想记忆： grace=grat,感激别人态度一定好，所以grace有了“文雅”的意义→优美，文雅
threatening	['θretniŋ]	想一想再看 adj. 威胁(性)的，凶兆的动词threaten的现
illegal	[i'li:gəl]	想一想再看 adj. 不合法的，非法的 n. 非法移民	联想记忆 X 单词illegal 联想记忆： il不+legal合法的→不合法的
diplomat	['dipləmæt]	想一想再看 adj. 外交官，外交家 n. 外交家