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课程介绍:
本课介绍了俄国历史上著名的几位统治者和他们对俄国发展作出的贡献，反映了14-17世纪间俄国的政治、经济与文化发展。
原声视频：
n. 正统说法，正教，信奉正教
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- He did, however, included the peasant masses in the so-called "soul tax" that he instituted in 1718.
- 1718年，他还迫使大量农奴，缴纳所谓的灵魂税
- As a nice touch, he charged the so-called "old believers" double.
- 他还做了一件臭名昭着的事，他要那些信仰旧传统的人双倍纳税
- Once more, thumbing his nose at Russia's traditions.
- 又一次蔑视了俄国的传统
- The Russian Orthodox Church was effectively converted into an arm of the Russian state.
- 俄罗斯东正教会正式被转变为俄国的工具
- Keeping the peasants docile through the practice of their faith and promoting the Tsar's image as their God-given ruler!
- 通过信仰使农奴驯服，并且将沙皇的形象塑造成神一般的统治者
- Clergymen were not educated in anything besides basic Church literature.
- 牧师从没有受过教会文学以外的教育
- No effort was made to attract a better educated men into the clergy.
- 也没有任何措施来吸引受过更好教育的人进入教会
- Russians were expected to accept orthodoxy unquestioningly, just as they accepted the Tsar's authority.
- 俄罗斯人必须毫无条件地接受这些教义，正如他们接受沙皇的统治一样
- They were almost one in the same.
- 事实上，两者几乎是一样的
- Peter the Great was the first Tsar to claim the old Roman Emperatur, signifying that Russia had truly arrived as an Empire.
- 彼得是第一个自称罗马帝国的沙皇，这标志着俄罗斯成为了真正的帝国
- The process had begun with Grand Prince Ivan the First "Money Bags" of Moscow in the 1300's.
- 这个过程由大王子伊凡一世，14世纪的钱袋子伊凡开始
- Bit by bit, old Money Bags and his successors built the principality of Moskovi into Russia's leading city-state.
- 一点一点地，钱袋子和他的后代们把莫斯科公国变成了俄国的首都
- After Ivan the Terrible was crowned Tsar in 1546, he conquered the Tatar Khanates of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakan in 1556.
- 在伊凡雷帝1546年加冕之后，他于1552年打败了喀山鞑靼可汗，1556年又打败了阿肯人
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