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课程介绍:
本集讲解了：莫斯科大公国成为俄罗斯帝国、征集土地、伊凡雷帝统治时期、全篇总结俄罗斯成功的要素，详细说明波雅儿发展的来龙去脉。
原声视频：
v. (使）净化，（使）精炼，涤罪
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- In 1550, Ivan revised the code of laws or Sudebnik, started by his granfather, Ivan the Great.
- 1550年伊凡修改了法条——也就是他祖父伊凡大帝开创的法典。
- On the whole, Ivan's reforms were a positive step for everyone but the poor peasants
- 总的说来，伊凡改革对除了贫穷的农民以外的每个人而言都是积极的一步，
- who now found it even harder to leave the land that they worked on.
- 这些农民现在更难离开他们耕种的土地。
- In 1551, Ivan began to show a decided conservative streak.
- 1551年伊凡开始展现出明显的保守倾向。
- He called a council of the Russian Orthodox Church to purify the Russian Orthodox religion of outside influences.
- 他让俄罗斯东正教会净化俄罗斯东正教的宗教信仰，使其不受外来的影响。
- In 1559, Ivan published the Domostroy, a restrictive guide on every aspect of proper Russian family conduct.
- 1559年伊凡出版了一本限制家庭行为方方面面的行为指南。
- Ivan the Fourth, Ivan the Terrible, also furthered the family tradition of gathering other people's lands.
- 伊凡四世，伊凡雷帝推进征收别人的土地的家庭传统。
- Early in the 1550's, he established the Streltsy, or Shooters,
- 早在16世纪50年代他就建立了禁卫骑兵或是射手团，
- a body of highly trained gun men recruited from the lower classes
- 是一批从下层中挑选出来的、训练有素的枪手
- which served as Russia's first standing army and was commanded by the Tsar.
- 来作为俄罗斯第一支由沙皇指挥的常备部队。
- The Streltsy played an important part in Ivan's two great conquests, the Khanate of Kazan in 1552 and the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556.
- 禁卫军在伊凡1552年对喀山汗国和1556年对阿斯特拉罕汗国的两次征战中发挥了重要的作用。
- So pleased was Ivan with the first of these victories that he ordered the building of the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Mound,
- 伊凡对第一场胜利非常满意，他命令建造华西里·柏拉仁诺大教堂，
- better known even in Ivan's time as St. Basil's Cathedral.
- 在伊凡统治时期更多地被称为圣巴西尔大教堂。
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