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演讲简介：
在他所著《思想的实质》的独家新书介绍会上，史蒂芬·平克探讨了语言如何表达内心的思想--以及我们的遣词用句中透露出多少鲜为人知的信息。
n. 要求，请求
vt. 请求，要求
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- The simplest example of this is in the polite request.
- 最简单的例子出自于礼貌的要求
- If you express your request as a conditional -- "if you could open the window, that would be great"
- 倘若你用一个条件句表达请求：“您要是能开一下窗子就太好了，”
- even though the content is an imperative, the fact that you're not using the imperative voice
- 尽管内容是祈使句，仅仅因为你没有用祈使语态
- means that you're not acting as if you're in a relationship of dominance,
- 就显示出你并没有按照一种支配的人际关系行事
- where you could presuppose the compliance of the other person.
- 你并没有假设他人必须服从
- On the other hand, you want the damn guacamole.
- 可另一方面，你想要那个该死的鳄梨沙拉酱
- By expressing it as an if-then statement,
- 用一个“如果—那么”巨型，
- you can get the message across without appearing to boss another person around.
- 你把意思说清楚了，却不会让人觉得你在指使他
- And in a more subtle way, I think, this works for all of the veiled speech acts involving plausible deniability:
- 我认为这样挺微妙，效果也不错，种种含蓄的言行保留了拒绝的可能：
- the bribes, threats, propositions, solicitations and so on.
- 贿赂、威胁、提议、恳请等等
- One way of thinking about it is to imagine what it would be like
- 有一种理解方式就是想象
- if language -- where it could only be used literally.
- 当语言只能表达字面义
- And you can think of it in terms of a game-theoretic payoff matrix.
- 你可以把它当作博弈论中的得失矩阵来思考
- Put yourself in the position of the kidnapper wanting to bribe the officer.
- 把你放在那个想贿赂警官的绑匪的位置上
- There's a high stakes in the two possibilities of having a dishonest officer or an honest officer.
- 全部的赌注都压在这两种可能性上：警官不老实或者他是老实人
- If you don't bribe the officer, then you will get a traffic ticket
- 假如你不贿赂他，你得吃罚单
- or, as is the case of "Fargo," worse -- whether the honest officer is honest or dishonest.
- 或者，就像《冰风血》中的情况一样，那更糟。不管那个警官到底老实不老实。
- Nothing ventured, nothing gained. In that case, the consequences are rather severe.
- 爱拼才会赢。这种情况下，后果很严重
- On the other hand, if you extend the bribe, if the officer is dishonest, you get a huge payoff of going free.
- 换一方面，你要是掏出钱来，如果警官吃贿赂，你全身而退，讨了个大巧。
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| 重点单词 | 查看全部解释 | |||
| request | [ri'kwest] | 联想记忆 | ||
| conditional | [kən'diʃənəl] | |||
| subtle | ['sʌtl] | |||
| matrix | ['meitriks] | 联想记忆 | ||
| plausible | ['plɔ:zəbl] | 联想记忆 | ||
| compliance | [kəm'plaiəns] | |||
| severe | [si'viə] | 联想记忆 | ||
| imperative | [im'perətiv] | |||
| statement | ['steitmənt] | 联想记忆 | ||
| dominance | ['dɔminəns] |
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