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课程介绍:
本集讲解了：莫斯科大公国成为俄罗斯帝国、征集土地、伊凡雷帝统治时期、全篇总结俄罗斯成功的要素，详细说明波雅儿发展的来龙去脉。
原声视频：
n. 异教徒，无宗教信仰者 adj. 异教的，异教徒的，
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- But just when all appears to be lost,
- 但是一切都失去的时候
- the peasants and the nobility hear the Russia Orthodox Church's call, and they drive the hated invaders out.
- 农民和贵族听了俄罗斯东正教的号召，他们将讨厌的侵略者驱逐出去
- This sense of unity involved in this process is best described by the term "Holy Russia".
- 在此过程中的团结最能用“神圣俄罗斯”一词来形容
- Unfortunately the feeling did not last for long.
- 不幸的是这种感觉并没有持续太久
- Segment 17b: Gathering the Lands.
- 17节B：征收土地
- The face of Eastern Europe began to change in the 1300s A.D.
- 在公元14世纪，东欧开始改变
- In the first place, the Mongol Empire and its spinoff, the Golden Hoard, were starting to disintegrate.
- 首先，蒙古帝国以及它的附属国金帐汗国开始分裂
- The Golden Hoard had watched happily as the major Rus's principalities were shattered by the practice of appanage.
- 金帐汗国很乐意看到俄罗斯主要的公国因为实施了封地而四分五裂
- Now, in the 14th century, they depended on the Russians themselves to collect tribute and to help them fight off invasions from the West.
- 14世纪，他们依靠俄罗斯人获得贡品，帮助他们抵御来自西方的侵略
- We've already mentioned the invasions of the Swedish and the Teutonic Knights, both stopped by Prince Alexander Nevsky in the 1240's.
- 我们已经提到了瑞典的侵略以及条顿骑兵团，他们在13世纪40年代被亚历山大大公击退
- More dangerous yet was the pagan principality of Lithuania which had recently converted back from Christianity.
- 更危险的是异教徒的立陶宛公国最近又转回信天主教，不信基督教
- Under Gedima Nasagirdas, 1345 to 1377, Lithuania built a huge empire reaching from the Baltic Sea south to the Black Sea.
- 1345年到1377年格迪米纳斯统治之下，立陶宛建造了一个从波罗的海向南到黑海的巨大的帝国
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