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多年来，我们一直在质疑一个问题：那就是在使用强制手段进行审讯的时候，道德和法律的界限在哪里？针对这一问题，芝加哥大学法学院邀请了来自各个领域的学者进行了探讨。
n. 威胁，凶兆
vt. 威胁, 恐吓
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- Pre-emptive strikes would also appear tobe excluded. Helakhic authorities differ asto how certain one must be that the aggressor poses a legal threat, a lethal threat, excuse me.
- 先发制人的行动也不受法律保护不过法律权威们对于如何才能确定袭击者构成法律上的威胁有分歧 抱歉
- For the most part, however, they acknowledgethat although must respond in the moment without full knowledge of the facts neverthelessthe evidence of threat must be very strong.
- 应该是致命威胁大多数情况下 他们承认在当时就做出反应不能够完全掌握各种事实
- With regard to the second restriction that
- 但是威胁的证据必须要非常强才可以关于第二条
- Rodef does not permit one to save oneselfor another by harming a third party innocentWeintraub says the Helakhic principle that humans are incapable of evaluating orcomparing the worth of the lives of others,
- Rodef辩护不允许一个人为了自救而伤害无辜第三方Weintraub说哈拉卡法律有一条原则是人类无法衡量他人生命的价值
- one life may not take precedence over another as the has it.
- 一条生命并不比另一条生命更加
- The Talmud in itsdiscussion of Rodef presents this story, evenas one who came before Rabbi and said to him "the governor of my town has orderedme to go and kill so and so,
- 珍贵 在犹太经典关于Rodef的讨论中有这样的段落即使一个人来到拉比面前 对他说
- if not I will kill you"he answered him, Rashi, explaining Rabbi's idiom here reads "who says your life is morebeloved by God than his?
- 我们城里的长官命我去杀某人否则就让我杀死你拉比答道 Rashi生命在上帝眼中比他人的生命更加珍贵呢
- Perhaps his life is morebeloved." This principle extends into situations where we might be called upon to sacrifice oneinnocent life for the benefit of many.
- 谁告诉你你的也许更珍贵的是他的生命 这个原则的应用也扩展到了
- Only if thatinnocent would die in any event, for example if the whole community would be killed is it permissible to kill him to save others.
- 我们有可能为了救多数人的生命而牺牲一条 只有在那条无辜生命无论如何都难逃死亡的情况下 比如整个全体都会被杀
- If it would be possible to save him martyrdom is preferable to the violation of the prohibitionagainst murder.
- 那么就可以杀掉他来拯救别人如果有可能救他的话 殉难
- Who counts as innocent? Thepoint is that this cannot be determined beforehand
- 要比破坏禁止杀人的戒律更加可取 怎么样才算无辜呢这一点并不能事先决定
- but there's a presumption favoured innocence absentstrong evidence to the contrary as Weintraub says "it is better and more satisfactory to acquit 1000 guilty persons than to put a single innocent manto death".
- 但是在缺乏强有力的证据证明此人并非无辜的情况下 一般假定此人无辜 如Weintraub说的 开释1000个罪人要比把罪名
- There is a corresponding presumptionagainst collective and arbitrary punishment
- 加到一个无辜者的身上使他死亡更加可取 于此相呼应的还有反对对一个集体施加惩罚的假设 以旧约中帝说
- Exemplified in the bible by Abraham's argumentwith God over Sodom. "Far be it from you todo such a thing" Abraham said to God.
- 亚伯拉罕与上帝就索多玛的争论为例亚伯拉罕对上你绝不可能做这件事在惩罚罪人的时候也惩罚了无辜者
- "To bring death upon the innocent as well as theguilty so that innocent and guilty feel alike.
- 让无辜者和罪人遭受同样的痛苦
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