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演讲简介：
医生兼作家-舍温纽兰讨论电击疗法的发展，它可用于治疗危及生命的抑郁症，包括治愈了他自己的病症。这是一个关于治疗、救赎以及第二次生命的感人至深的演讲。
n. 文艺复兴，再生
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- I'd like to do pretty much what I did the first time, which is to choose a light-hearted theme.
- 我想能和第一次演讲一样，选择一个轻松的主题。
- Last time, I talked about death and dying.
- 上一次我谈论了关于生与死。
- This time, I'm going to talk about mental illness.
- 这次我要谈谈精神疾病。
- But it has to be technological, so I'll talk about electroshock therapy.
- 但它应该是技术性的，所以我要谈谈电击疗法。
- You know, ever since man had any notion that some of his other people, his colleagues,
- 大家知道，自从人们发现周边其他人，同僚等
- could be different, could be strange, could be severely depressed
- 可能是和自己不同的，可能是行径奇怪，或者可能是严重抑郁的
- or what we now recognize as schizophrenia,
- 或者是我们现在所指的精神分裂症
- he was certain that this kind of illness had to come from evil spirits getting into the body.
- 就断定患了这种病一定是种魔鬼附体的病症。
- So, the way of treating these diseases in early times was to, in some way or other,
- 为了治疗这种病症，在早期，应用了不同方法，
- exorcise those evil spirits, and this is still going on, as you know.
- 众所周知，驱魔法一直沿用至今。
- But it wasn't enough to use the priests.
- 但是仅仅靠祭司是不够的。
- When medicine became somewhat scientific, in about 450 BC, with Hippocrates and those boys,
- 在约公元前450年，医药成为一门学科，希波克拉底和学生们
- they tried to look for herbs, plants that would literally shake the bad spirits out.
- 尝试研究、寻找草药、植物，从中找出将恶魔驱除出人体的药方。
- So, they found certain plants that could cause convulsions.
- 他们发现某些植物可以引发人体抽搐。
- And the herbals, the botanical books of up to the late Middle Ages,
- 到中世纪后期和文艺复兴时期的植物学书，即各种本草集，
- the Renaissance are filled with prescriptions for causing convulsions to shake the evil spirits out.
- 里面记录有很多药方，都能靠诱发抽筋来驱除恶魔。
- Finally, in about the sixteenth century,
- 最后，大约在16世纪，
- a physician whose name was Theophrastus Bombastus Aureolus von Hohenheim,
- 一个物理学家，名字叫做Theophrastus Bombastus Auricularis von Hohenheim
- called Paracelsus, a name probably familiar to some people here, good, old Paracelsus
- 被称作帕拉塞尔苏斯，在座可能有人知道这个名字，老顽固帕拉塞尔苏斯，
- found that he could predict the degree of convulsion by using a measured amount of camphor to produce the convulsion.
- 发现他可以预测抽搐的程度，通过使用定量的樟脑诱发人体抽搐。
- Can you imagine going to your closet, pulling out a mothball, and chewing on it if you're feeling depressed?
- 你可以想象吗，走到你的衣橱，拿出一颗樟脑球然后嚼食它，想象这样缓解抑郁？
- It's better than Prozac, but I wouldn't recommend it.
- 这个比百忧解（抗抑郁药)有效，但是我可不推荐这么做。
- So what we see in the seventeenth, eighteenth century is the continued search for medications other than camphor that'll do the trick.
- 发展到17，18世纪人类继续寻找除了樟脑外的其他办法。
- Well, along comes Benjamin Franklin,
- 这时出现了本杰明·富兰克林，
- and he comes close to convulsing himself with a bolt of electricity off the end of his kite.
- 通过风筝电流，他几乎诱发自己抽搐，这是通过风筝传导的雷电电流。
- And so people begin thinking in terms of electricity to produce convulsions.
- 然后人们开始思考通过电流诱发抽搐。
- And then, we fast-forward to about 1932,
- 到了大约1932年，
- when three Italian psychiatrists, who were largely treating depression,
- 3位主要治疗抑郁症的意大利精神病专家
- began to notice among their patients, who were also epileptics,
- 注意到他们的忧郁症病人中，那些同时患有癫痫症的患者，
- that if they had an epileptic -- a series of epileptic fits,
- 如果他们癫痫症发作后，连续发作多次
- a lot of them in a row -- the depression would very frequently lift.
- 许多人抑郁症便减轻
- Not only would it lift, but it might never return.
- 不仅仅是减轻，还可能完全根治。
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