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课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。
原声视频：
adj. 城市的，都市的
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- first time, but not for the last, Roman troops under Sulla marched on Rome.
- 这是苏拉第一次而非最后一次率领罗马军队进攻罗马，
- Marius himself hid out until Sulla and his troops left to fight Mithradates.
- 马略藏了起来直到苏拉和其军队离开去攻打米特里达提。
- He then marched on Rome with his troops and threw a little bloodbath of his own.
- 这时马略率自己的军队进攻罗马开始血腥报复，
- Marius was also elected consul an unprecedented seventh time,
- 马略还第七次当选为执政官，这是前所未有的，
- but died, fortunately, before he could harm the state further.
- 但是幸运的是他在可以进一步损害罗马之前死掉了。
- His supporters though, maintained their stranglehold on Roman government,
- 然而他的党羽仍然完全控制着罗马政府，
- even sending a seperate army to Asia with orders to defeat Sulla and Mithridates, in that order.
- 甚至派单独一支军队去亚细亚，要先击败苏拉，再击败米特里达提，
- These soldiers wisely defected to Sulla at their earliest opportunity.
- 这些士兵很明智，一有机会就变节投靠了苏拉，
- Sulla thought he had to fix Rome's problems first.
- 苏拉认为应该先解决罗马的问题，
- He therefore made a peace treaty with Mithridates, returned to Italy with his army,
- 因此和米特里达提签订了合约，带领军队回到意大利，
- marched on Rome again and wiped out Marius's supporters a second time.
- 再一次进攻罗马，第二次清除马略党人。
- This accomplished by eighty one BC, Sulla declared himself dictator for the, quote, unquote, restoration of the Republic.
- 前81年彻底肃清马略派后，苏拉宣布自己为复辟共和国的独裁官，
- His first step was to condemn his popularis enemies and confiscate all their property.
- 此后第一件事就是惩罚敌人并没收他们的所有财产，
- The Senate asked Sulla to publish the names of the condemned,
- 元老院要求苏拉公布将受惩罚者的名单，
- so that those not on the list could be freed from anxiety,
- 不在名单上的人就可以免受担忧之苦，
- a process called proscription or posting of names.
- 这叫做死刑公告或者名单公布。
- Although his reign of terror was just as bloody as that of the hated Marius,
- 尽管苏拉的统治和尽失人心的马略一样残暴，
- Sulla tried hard to fix what he saw as the Roman Republic's problems.
- 苏拉曾尽力试图修复他认为的罗马共和国的问题。
- Sulla strengthened the Senate's power and legally established the minimum ages for holding Roman magistracies.
- 苏拉加强了元老院的权力在法律上确定了在罗马裁判法院任职的最小年龄，
- He weakened the tribunate by making ex-tribunes ineligible for future magistracies,
- 他通过撤销前保民官担任治安官的资格削弱保民官的权力，
- and he quit giving grain to the urban masses for free.
- 并且不再免费给城市人口发放粮食。
- His goal was to ensure that no Marius, or no Sulla, for that matter, would ever threaten Rome again.
- 他的目标是确保不再出现马略或者苏拉这样的人物威胁罗马。
- He decreed that no standing army could be stationed in or near Rome
- 他颁布法令规定罗马或其附近不得驻扎常驻军队，
- and that governors or commanders could not lead troops back anywhere near Rome without the express permission of the Senate.
- 总督或指挥官没有元老院的明确允许不得率军队回到罗马附近，
- This accomplished, Sulla lay down his dictatorship and partied himself to death in seventy nine BC.
- 完成这些后，苏拉放弃了独裁，于公元前79年去世，
- Yet the problem presented by client armies would not go away.
- 但是职业军队带来的问题仍然存在，
- Rome had already endured three civil wars, the Social War of ninety one through eighty eight BC,
- 罗马已经经受了三次内战，公元前91年到88年的社会公战，
- Sulla's war of eighty seven BC, and Sulla's war of eighty two to eighty one BC.
- 公元前87年的苏拉战争，还有公元前82年到81年的苏拉战争。
- The general Quintus Sertorius, a comrade of Marius,
- 将领昆图斯·塞多留是马略支持者，
- took over the provinces of Spain and held out until seventy two BC,
- 他征服西班牙各省，并驻守到公元前72年，
- when he was at last suppressed by the young general Pompey.
- 最终被年轻的将领庞培镇压，
- The Spartacus slave revolt of seventy three to seventy one BC was put down by the Sullan general Crassus
- 公元前73年到71年的斯巴达克斯奴隶起义被苏拉麾下的将领克拉苏镇压，
- with an assist from Pompey and his Spanish veterans. Crassus never forgave Pompey for stealing his limelight.
- 但是在庞培和他的西班牙老兵的援助下，克拉苏一直没有原谅庞培抢了他的风头，
- To reward these ambitious young generals and, hopefully, keep them from marching their client armies upon Rome,
- 为了奖赏这两个年轻的将领，同时也是希望他们不要率职业军队进攻罗马，
- Pompey and Crassus were elected co-consuls for seventy BC.
- 庞培和克拉苏被共同选为公元前70年的执政官，
- This was yet another lousy precedent.
- 这又是一次糟糕的先例，
- Pompey was not only too young to be the consul, he had never been elected to any position on the cursus honorum.
- 庞培担任执政官不仅太年轻，而且他从未当选过光荣晋升体系的任何职务，
- But Rome was now an empire in the full sense of the world and war was no longer a matter of dropping the plow,
- 但是罗马现在是真正的世界帝国了，战争不再是扔下锄头，
- picking up the sword and kicking Etruscan tail. Now...
- 抓起剑就去攻打伊特拉斯坎人。现在······
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