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课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。
原声视频：
n. 贵族，贵族阶级
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- But with typical Roman modesty,
- 但带着典型的罗马人的谦逊
- typical Roman regard for the mos maiorum,
- 罗马人对规则的遵守
- Scipio settled for the honorific title Africanus –
- 西庇阿满足于一个称号
- that is "Scipio of Africa." He then spent the rest of
- 即"非洲的西庇阿"他的余生
- his career in comparative quiet.Segment eight D;
- 都在平静中度过，第四部分
- Rome Becomes A Superpower.
- 罗马崛起成为强国
- Rome's victory over Carthage in the second Punic War,
- 罗马在第二次布匿战争中战胜迦太基
- two eighteen to two zero one BC, was final.
- 那是在公元前218年直至公元前201
- Combined with Rome's victory over King Philip
- 罗马也战争了菲力浦大帝
- the Fifth of Macedon, it made Rome the major power
- 他是马其顿国家，这也是罗马成为强国
- in the Mediterranean world.
- 在整个地中海地区
- such as Sicily, Corsica, Illyria, and Transpadane Gaul.
- 比如西西里，科西嘉，伊利里亚和山南高卢
- Yet the Roman aristocracy's passiveness
- 但罗马人在与Hannibal战斗时
- in fighting Hannibal suggests that
- 仍保持被动，这表明了
- Rome had no clear-cut imperialistic agenda.
- 罗马并没有明确的帝国主义目标
- The Romans never did forgot
- 罗马人从未忘记
- how close Hannibal had come to beating them
- 汉尼拔如何打击罗马
- and the cry Hannibal ad portas sent little Roman kids
- 还讲着汉尼拔的故事吓唬小孩
- skittering for centuries afterward.
- 之后的几百年间仍是如此
- But as the superpower in the Mediterranean,
- 但作为地中海地区的强国
- the Romans were now obliged to maintain order
- 罗马人现在有义务维持秩序
- in the territory they now ruled.
- 在他们统治的地区中
- Rome needed a workable public plan for ensuring
- 罗马需要可行的公共事务规划
- it would never again come so close to defeat.
- 确保它不会再输
- Up until the second Punic War,
- 直到第二次布匿战争
- most of Rome's wars had in fact been defensive.
- 罗马的绝大多数战役都以失败告终
- Since this satisfied the ius fetialis,
- 自从满足了使节制度后
- the Romans found this a comfortable way to operate.
- 罗马便可以开始良好地运行
- But Rome's new superpower responsibilities
- 但罗马作为新的强国的责任
- brought on a period of aggressive imperialism,
- 也带来了一段时期的激进帝国主义
- in which the Romans picked fights in order to stabilize
- 在此期间，罗马也开始打仗
- the Greek-speaking Eastern Mediterranean world.
- 为了稳定地中海东部讲希腊语的地区
- We've already seen that Rome had no coherent plan
- 我们已经看到罗马没有连贯的计划
- for assimilating its Italian conquests and Italian allies.
- 以此同化意大利被征服者和同盟
- Some towns got citizenship,
- 有一些城镇的人获得居民权
- some towns got Latin rights, and some got the shaft.
- 有人获得拉丁的权力，有人却受到不公正待遇
- The mos maiorum had no provisions
- 规则中却没有详细规定
- for assigning ager publicus - that is to say
- 如何帮助国有土地，也就是说
- captured land belonging to the Roman state.
- 那些被掠夺的土地属于罗马
- But the experience of the Second Punic War
- 但第二次布匿战争的经历
- proved to the Romans that
- 向罗马证明了
- a workable plan was desperately needed.
- 他们非常需要一个可行的计划
- So the Romans invented a system of provinces.
- 因此罗马就建立了许多省份
- The provinces of Sicily two forty one BC,
- 在公元前241年建立西西里省
- Sardinia and Corsica two thirty one BC,
- 公元前231年建立撒丁和科西嘉省
- Nearer Spain one ninety seven BC,
- 在公元前197年建立西班牙
- Farther Spain one ninety seven BC
- 同年也建立了远西班牙
- and Illyricum one sixty seven BC were established,
- 在公元前167年建立了伊利里亚
- and overseen by promagistrates.
- 由资深长官来监督
- Promagistrates were former consuls or former praetors
- 资深长官也是前领事或前长官
- who served a year governing one of these provinces.
- 他们会有一年任期，管理这些省
- The Roman provinces were ruled for Rome's benefit
- 罗马省份的管理只符合罗马利益
- alone. The proconsuls and propraetors themselves
- 那些资深长官和前领事们
- were accountable only to the Roman Senate,
- 只对罗马元老院负责
- of which they were already influential members.
- 他们早已是元老院影响力很大的成员
- In his own province, the proconsul or propraetor
- 每个资深领事在他管理的省份中
- had imperium, he dispensed justice, usually for a price,
- 都有统治权，他分配公平
- protecting Roman business interests,
- 保护罗马的商业利益
- and made sure that the locals,
- 也要确保当地居民
- either inside or outside the province, obeyed Rome.
- 无论是在省内还是省外的都服从罗马
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