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课程介绍:
本课程对罗马帝国和前苏联的兴衰进行回顾，探讨它们历史变迁的内在规律，并将现代的超级大国——美国与它们进行比较，从而作出对未来可能的一些预测。
原声视频：
vt. 撤回，取回，撤退
vi. 退回，撤退，
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- So when the small Spanish town of Saguntum
- 后来，西班牙小镇萨贡托
- asked Rome for a treaty
- 想与罗马签订条约
- promising help against the Carthaginians
- 承诺在打击迦太基人的战争中提供帮助
- in two twenty one, the Romans were happy to oblige.
- 罗马人很乐意答应承诺
- The Romans knew that Carthage
- 罗马人知道迦太基
- would eventually attack Saguntum
- 最后会攻打萨贡托
- and that they would have to defend Saguntum,
- 也相信他们会打败萨贡托
- and that a second Punic War would result.
- 那也就是第二次布匿战争的结果
- Again, the the Ius Fetiales, or Fetial law, would be satisfied
- 这会再一次符合和平律法宣战的法律
- because the Carthaginians would have started the war,
- 因为迦太基人会发动战争
- which meant, in turn, that the Romans would win.
- 也就是罗马人反而会取胜
- The Romans had no idea what they were in for.
- 罗马人不知道他们加入的到底是什么
- In two eighteen BC Hannibal's forces took Saguntum.
- 在公元前218年汉尼拔的军队占领萨贡托
- The Romans demanded that
- 罗马人要求
- the Carthaginians withdraw from the city
- 迦太基人撤离这座城市
- and that they send Hannibal to Rome to be punished.
- 他们把汉尼拔送到罗马接受惩罚
- Carthage would not give Saguntum back,
- 但迦太基人不愿归还萨贡托
- but Hannibal did indeed obediently head for Rome
- 但汉尼拔却顺从地到达罗马
- with a little bit of company, his army.
- 但他却带着陪同，那就是他的军队
- In September two eighteen Hannibal
- 在公元前218年9月汉尼拔和他的军队
- and his army crossed the Alps into northern Italy.
- 翻越阿尔卑斯山到达意大利北部
- The series of smashing victories which followed,
- 之后大获全胜
- won thousands of Gauls to Hannibal's side.
- 赢利了数千高卢人的支持
- Encouraged by his diplomatic success,
- 受到其外交成功的鼓舞
- Hannibal won over other dissatisfied Roman allies
- 汉尼拔拉拢了满腹怨气的罗马的同盟
- and subject peoples. Proof that the Romans
- 证据表明，罗马人
- still had a lot to learn about running an empire.
- 在如何管理帝国方面，仍有待学习
- The desperate Romans elected
- 绝望的罗马人选了
- Quintus Fabius Maximus for dictator for six months
- 独裁者马克西姆斯，他在位六个月
- in two seventeen BC, but Fabius considered himself too weak to do anything
- 那是在公元前217年，但马克西姆斯认为他太过弱小，无计可施
- but track Hannibal, earning himself the title Cunctator,
- 只能追踪汉尼拔因此得了名号"追踪者"
- or delayer. The elected consuls of two sixteen BC were ashamed, they took a more aggressive tack.
- 也是"延缓器" 216年的选举令罗马蒙羞，他们开始变得更激进
- They led a force of eighty thousand Romans against Hannibal at Cannae,
- 他们带领着8万罗马军队在坎尼与汉尼拔作战
- and Hannibal destroyed this army
- 汉尼拔捣毁了这支军队
- in what was Rome's single greatest defeat of all time.
- 那也是罗马最大的一次惨败
- Suddenly, Fabius's delaying tactics looked a lot more sensible.
- 突然，马克西姆斯的延迟策略看起来变得明智得多
- As Hannibal worked his way south into Italy,
- 在汉尼拔向意大利前进时
- even more Roman allies rushed to his side,
- 更多的罗马盟友站在了他这边
- as did the Samnites and much of Sicily.
- 就像撒姆尼人一样，在西西里绝大地区也一样
- Hannibal was literally at the doors of Rome.
- 汉尼拔真正打入罗马大门
- But he did not have the manpower
- 但他的人力却不足
- and logistical support to finish the Romans off.
- 也没有足够的运输货物来终结罗马
- Yet the Romans also strangely lacked the strength
- 但奇怪的是，罗马却没有能力
- and the willpower to kick Hannibal out of Italy
- 也没有意愿将汉尼拔永远逐出意大利
- for good. Hannibal raided, the Romans retreated; Hannibal
- 前进，罗马人撤退
- Hannibal plundered, the Romans regrouped, and so on.
- 汉尼拔掠夺，罗马人就重组
- The defections of Roman allies died out
- 再也没有同盟背叛罗马
- when it became clear that neither Rome or Carthage wasactually winning.
- 因为他们意识到迦太基与罗马都不是赢家
- This was, I suppose, a minor victory for Rome,
- 我认为，这对罗马是个小小的胜利
- but not really a solution. To complicate matters,
- 但却不是解决方案，复杂的是
- one of the Eastern Mediterranean powers jumped on Rome while Rome was down.
- 东地中海强国之一乘罗马之威
- Philip the Fifth of Macedon, who controlled most of mainland Greece,
- 马其顿的菲利浦五世他控制着希腊大部分地区
- allied himself with Carthage
- 他也与迦太基结盟
- and began hostilities with Rome in 215 BC.
- 但在公元前215年开始，也对罗马动武
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