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视频简介：
本课程的目标是，向公众提供最新的有关营养方面的信息和话题，内容涵盖饮食因素对于癌症的影响作用，健康的饮食习惯，学校能提供的营养有哪些，咖啡因与癌症的联系，水果蔬菜与癌症预防等。通过本课程的学习，人们可以学习到健康的生活饮食习惯，在每天的饮食中防癌症于未然。
vt. 避免，逃避
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- Children diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma, neuroblastoma, non Hodgkin's lymphoma, brain tumors, male survivors of leukemia, non amputated females
- 被诊断有软组织肉瘤、神经母细胞瘤、 非霍奇金淋巴瘤、脑瘤的孩子 白血病的幸存男士，患有骨癌
- with bone cancer, Wilms tumors and survivors of Hodgkin's disease are more likely to be underweight later in life whereas children diagnosed with acute
- 但没被截肢的女士和肾母细胞瘤、霍奇金病 幸存者在以后的生活中更有可能消瘦不已 而患有严重的淋巴细胞性白血病的孩子
- lymphoblastic leukemia and those receiving cranial radiation therapy for brain tumors were at a higher risk of becoming overweight and even obese.
- 和接受颅放射治疗的脑瘤患者 极有可能会变得 超重甚至肥胖
- The reasons behind these trends are still being researched however possible implications associated with being underweight include being malnourished
- 造成这些趋势的原因 还在研究之中 但是，与消瘦有关的可能原因有
- while receiving total body radiation, treatment with abdominal radiation and being at a very young age when treatment begins.
- 一是在接受全身辐射和腹部辐射治疗时 营养不良，二是在很小的时候 就接受治疗
- The use of aranthrocyclenes and atinomyasin which are powerful chemotherapy drugs are also associated with becoming underweight later in life
- 后期的生活中变得消瘦 可能与药效大的化学药物- aranthrocyclenes和atinomyasin有关
- because they cause structural and functional injuries to the gastro intestinal tract preventing an adequate oral intake even later in life.
- 因为他们会造成胃肠道的结构和功能损伤 以致在后来的生活中 口服食物得不到充足的营养
- This chart gives an overall comparison of the short term and long term consequences of malnutrition during childhood cancer. The ones that we have already
- 这个图表对在儿童癌症时期营养不良的 短期和长期影响做了全面的比较 我们上面讨论过的那些副作用是粗体的
- discussed are bolded and some other important consequences include the wasting of muscle and fat mass, drug dose alterations, retardation of
- 另外一些重要的结果包括 消耗掉肌肉和脂肪量 药物用量改变、阻滞了骨骼肌的发展
- skeletal muscles and even an increased risk for secondary cancers. So clearly avoiding malnutrition during treatment is extremely important. We will now
- 甚至增加了二次癌症的危险 显而易见，在治疗期间避免营养不良 是极其重要的
- turn our focus to the nutritional interventions that can be used to avoid malnutrition. We will now turn our attentions to the nutritional interventions
- 我们将把注意力转移到 可以避免营养不良的 营养干预上 这种营养干预最常用在
- most commonly used in a clinical setting. There are 3 main feeding practices used in healthcare facilities, supplemental or oral feeding, enteral or
- 临床环境中 在医疗保健设施中有三种主要的喂养方式 补授法或经口喂养，肠内管饲和
- tube feeding and parenteral or IV feeding. Oral feeding is the best method of support for patients with a low nutritional risk.
- 肠内或静脉注射 对营养缺乏不严重的病人， 口服喂养是最好的方式
- Some children will still need dietary supplements due to an increase in nutrient needs such as calcium. Ideally there should be flexibility in menu choice and meal times.
- 由于对营养的需求增大，如钙 一些孩子通常需要膳食补充剂 理想状况下 对菜单的选择和吃饭时间应该灵活安排
- Studies have shown that a more flexible meal service can lead to a significant increase in children's food, protein and energy intakes.
- 研究表明，相比而言灵活的进餐服务对 孩子们的食物、蛋白质和能量吸收 有重要的作用
- Enteral nutrition is a practical method when oral intake and the weight of a child continue to decrease. Enteral nutrition works well if the child's gut is
- 儿童在口服营养，体重仍然持续下降时 肠内营养是个很实用的方式 如果儿童的肠道功能如果仍然很好的话
- still functioning properly. Enteral feeding also has the advantage of preserving the integrity of the intestinal mucousa. Parenteral nutrition is best used
- 那么肠内营养就能起到很好的作用 肠道喂养对于保持肠道粘液的完整也是 非常有益的 而在儿童肠道功能不再正常
- when the child's gut is no longer functioning correctly. This bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion and feeding the child intravenously.
- 的情况下，肠胃外的营养则是最好的方法 这种肠胃外营养是避开正常的进食及消化 通过对儿童进行静脉注射来喂养他们
- Research has indicated that when normal oral intake is not possible enteral nutrition has more physiological benefits compared to parenteral nutrition
- 研究表明，在不能正常口服时，肠内营养 在生理上比肠胃外营养更具有优势 这优势包括保持小肠绒毛
- including the maintenance of the heightened activity of intestinal villi and brush border enzymes, better preservation of specific gut nutrients such as
- 及小肠刷状缘酶活性的提高 能更好地保护 小肠营养内特殊物质
- glutamine and short chain fatty acids and an upholding of the mucosal membrane surrounding the intestine. Enteral nutrition is also associated with fewer
- 比如像谷酰酶、短链脂肪酸 和支撑小肠周围黏膜的薄膜 肠内营养也和不少的传染病
- infections and complications however many studies are continuing to show that parenteral nutrition is more successful at preventing and correcting malnutrition.
- 以及并发症相关 许多研究不断表明，肠胃外营养 在预防和改善营养不良这方面做的比较成功
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