评论
打印
The Sima family were a celebrated, old-established, and wide-ranging family from Henei (now Wen County in Henan) commandery.
三国时期，司马家族来自河内（今河南温县）封地，也是古老、有名望的大家族。
Sima Yi’s elder brother Sima Lang had joined Cao Cao early in the civil war, and Sima Yi, who first held office at the puppet court of Han, followed his brother in 208 and served on the staff of Cao Cao* s headquarters.
司马懿之兄司马朗早年跟随曹操东征西战，司马懿在汉朝供职，公元208年跟随曹操，作为曹操的军师与吴、蜀交战。
In 217 Sima Yi became a member of the suite of Cao Pi , an Heir Apparent, and he was also evidently a personal friend of Cao Pi.
公元217年成为太子曹丕的幕僚和私人好友。
When Cao Pi came to the throne, Sima Yi received steadily higher appointments.
曹丕就位后，司马懿官就高位。
A few months after Cao Pi ’s death in 226，Sima Yi took command in the field for the first time, driving back a secondary attack of Wu against Xiangy-ang, and in the following year he was given responsibility for military affairs on the Han River.
公元226年曹丕死后，由司马懿指挥前线战役，在襄阳打败了东吴军队。次年，独领军权督战汉水流域。
Sima Yi proved to be an energetic and competent general. And during the rules of Cao Pi, Cao Rui and Cao Fang he held command in the south against Wu, against in the west Shu-Han and controlled the power of Wei government.
因其卓越的军事政治指挥才能，连续辅佐曹丕、曹敷、曹芳三帝，对抗东吴和蜀汉。成为魏国的实权人物。
In 251, Sima Yi left his position to his eldest son Sima Shi, then forty years old. Sirria Shi embarked on a series of raids and campaigns against Wu and the non-Chinese people of the north, but he achieved no breakthrough.
魏嘉平三年(251)司马懿卒，其子司马师掌权，司马师当时40岁，他率兵开展了一系列的伐吴和北方的少数民族的的战役，但没有很大突破。
By 254 the emperor Cao Fang and supporters of the Cao family were threatening Sima Shi. Sima Shi, however, struck first, deposed Cao Fang, and set his cousin Cao Mao on the thro-neinstead.
公元254年，魏帝曹芳及其支持者危及了司马师的地位，司马师先发制人，废曹芳，立其侄曹髦为帝。
In 260, there was one further conspiracy to preserve the dynasty, in which the twenty-four-year-old Emperor took a leading role, but it was defeated in a short skirmish, and Cao Mao was killed in the fighting. He was replaced by the last in the line of puppets, Cao Huan, and Sima Zhao could now concentrate upon the conquest of Shu-Han.
公元260年，24岁的魏帝曹髦发起了一场维权的斗争，经过短暂的激斗，曹髦被杀，由曹奂即位。
By 264 victory in the west was complete, and Sima Zhao took title as King of Jin. In the autumn of the year Sima Zhao died, he was succeeded by his eldest son Sima Yan, then thirty years old.
司马昭放心南下征伐蜀汉，公元264年，打败蜀后，自封为晋王，同年秋司马昭死，其子司马炎时年30岁即位。
That winter, on 4th of February 266, Sima Yan received the abdication of Cao Huan and took the imperial title for himself and remained Luoyang as capital which was the Western Jin Dynasty in Chinese history.
公元266年2月4日，司马炎废魏帝曹奂，改国号为晋，都于洛阳，这就是中国历史上的西晋王朝。
So the final triumph of Wei over Shu-Han was also the occasion for the overthrow of the Cao’ s family and replacement by the Jin Dynasty of Sima Yan.
蜀汉战争的胜利也是推翻曹氏家族、开始司马家族统治的历史。
At an early stage of the civil war, the warlords were concentrated on establishing efficient governing system and recovering the development of agriculture.
三国初期，各国主要致力于整顿吏治，恢复社会秩序和发展经济。
A-mong them Wei, in the north, especially gained excellent results.
其中以曹魏的成就比较突出。
In about 196, Cao Cao established a number of “agricultural garrisons” (tuntian) in the neighbourhood of Xu Chang city, his chief headquarters. There was arable land nearby which had been abandoned by refugees and was available to the government. Therefore it was sensible and appropriate that surplus people should be allocated the empty fields.
公元196年，从曹操统一北方、在许昌（魏都）推广屯田制，当时 有大量的土地因战乱而荒废，同时又有许多没有土地的流民,用这些人来开垦闲散的土地是明智之举。
The distinctive point about the new system, however, was that the farmers maintained a direct relationship with the government, namely, they were granted supplies and material assistance, and that they returned a regular share of produce to the imperial granaries and treasury. This practice progressively recovered the agricultural development.
这一制度的好处在于农民和政府有了直接的联系，政府补贴和支持农民种地，农民向国家交粮、纳税，生产逐渐恢复。
Meanwhile, Cao Cao reformed the bureaucratic practice since the Eastern Han, for example, he promoted people to important position on their merit' s rather than on their family background.
同时曹操又改革了东汉以来的许多弊政，推举有能力的人来朝中做官而不是依靠家庭背景。
As the chief minister of Kingdom of Shu, Zhuge Liang adhered to clear and strict laws and be fair and hard in meeting out rewards and punishment. He also worked hard to develop agricultural production in Sichuan. He appointed special officials in charge of the ancient Dujiang Weir and had many more water works built.
蜀国丞相诸葛亮法治严格，纪律严明，赏罚分明，此外还派人负责都江堰和许多灌溉设施的修建。
For years of these practices, the agriculture and handicraft industry were restored and thriving. The kingdom of Shu was strengthened.
使蜀国农业和手工业逐步得到恢复和发展，国力增强。
To secure a peaceful environment for the kingdom ,he took care to improve relations with the ethnic minorities inhabiting south west area(present-day Guizhou and Yunnan province) and therefore strengthened the ties between the Han people and these ethnic minorities.
特别是诸葛亮招抚西南夷（今贵州、云南等地），使少数民族地区得到开发，加强了民族团结。
The kingdom of Wu faced the most quick development of population after the land reclamation system and the building of irrigating works.
吴国由于实行屯田和兴修水利，人口有很大增长。
The Wu kingdom includes 43 cities and 313 counties which are far larger than that of in Han era and above all, Wu owned a powerful fleet and navy with the cultivating of farmland, the development of agriculture, Wu enjoyed a long period of tranquility.
吴东南地区很快得到开发，共得43郡313县，比东汉时大大增强。吴国土地开辟，农业发展，政治稳定，航海业发达。
The wars in Three Kingdoms period were different from the confusion wars at the end of the Han Dynasty in that the purpose of the war lied in the reunification of the imperial China .
三国时期虽然仍有不断的战争，但已和东汉末期军阀混战的性质不同，是顺应民心所向的统一战争。
Among the famous wars there are Jing battle between Shu and Wu, Hanzhong battle in which Shu and Wei counteracted each other, the battle of Wei vanquished Shu and Jin dethroned Wu.
其中比较著名的有蜀、吴争夺荆州的战争，蜀、魏争夺汉中的战争，和魏灭蜀、晋灭吴的战争。
Wei held the most formidable military strength among the three kingdoms, therefore committed the duty of reunification.
三国的军事实力以魏国最强，因此统一战争的主要任务最后落在魏晋方面。
In 280, when Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin, defeated Wu and unified China, three kingdoms eras ended.
晋武帝太康元年(280)，晋灭吴。至此，三国时代宣告终结。
