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In the fields of science and culture, the Eastern Han exceeded the former Western Han due to the enhanced regime and the maintained stability of the society in its early period.
东汉前期，政权进一步加强，国家趋于稳定，文化、科学技术等方面的发展都超过了西汉的水平。
Wang Chong was a militant materialist and philosopher, whose main workLuAi/ie/ig (Discourses Weight in the Balance) lashed out at orthodox theology, and showed a rationalist critic of superstition and the thought of cosmic universalism.
王充是唯物主义思想家和哲学家，著《论衡》 抨击封建神学，批判神秘主义和世俗迷信。
Regarding yuan qi (primordial substance) as the original material basis of all things, heaven and earth included, he took matter as the point of departure in interpreting natural phenomena and life itself.
他主张元气论，认为天地万物都是元气分化出来的，人与物禀气而生，气散而亡，天道自然无为，没有意志和神灵。
His great book erected a monument in Chinese history of atheism in the method of demonstration and argumentation.
他的著作用实证和说理的方法,在中国无神论史上树起一座丰碑。
Ban Gu was the editor of Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall , but what earned his lasting academic fame is his History of the Han Dynasty .
东汉班固是《白虎通义》的编撰者，但使他名声大震的却是《汉书》。
Following the biographic-thematic style of Records of the Historian , Ban Gu spent twenty years finishing this voluminous work.
班固花费20多年的心血，仿《史记》，著成了中国第一部断代史《汉书》。
The book comprises 100 volumes, covering the history of 230 years from the peasant uprisings towards the end of the Qin Dynasty to the defeat of Wang Mang.
《汉书》共100篇，叙述了秦末农民战争至王莽覆灭的230年的断代历史。
In 105, Cai Lun improved the old technique of paper making, using tree barks, rags and old fishing nets to make paper，which was called Marquis Cai，s paper in honour of the inventor.
公元105年，蔡伦改造了原有的纸张制造技术，用树皮、麻头、破布、旧渔网等原料造纸，被称为“蔡侯纸”。
It put an end to the use of bamboo slips as writing materials and became one of the four great ancient Chinese inventions. Chinese paper making was spread to Japan from Korea in the 7th century，to Arabia in the 8th and to Europe in the 12th, which contributed greatly to the development ol world culture.
中国的文字记录方式脱离了使用竹简的时代，同时造纸术也成为中国古代四大发明之一，中国的造纸术在7世纪传人日本、朝鲜，8 世纪传人阿拉伯，12世纪传入欧洲，这都极大地促进了世界文化的发展。
In the field of natural science, represented by Zhang Heng, the academe of the Eastern Han made great achievements.
在自然科学方面，以张衡为代表的东汉学术界，有着很高的成就。
Zhang Heng invented seismography and the Armillary Sphere so as to observe the universe and perceive earthquake. The theories of making this equipment are still in a wide application.
张衡则以高超的工艺制造了“浑天仪”、“地动仪”等科学仪器，观察天象，感应地震。制造这些仪器的原理至今仍被广泛使用。
The Mathematics in Nine Sections , completed in early Eastern Han after repeated revision over a long period, systematically summarized the important achievements in this field since the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods.
《九章算术》完成于东汉初年。此前先后有多人对 其进行了修改、补充。该书系统总结了春秋、战国以来的数学成就。
The book contained 264 applied mathematics problems and was divided into nine sections according to the methods of solution and field of application.
书中收有264个数学应用问题,并依照问题的解法和应用范围分为9个部分。
Its appearance demonstrated that mathematics in China had developed into a scientific system.
《九章算术》的完成标志着中国的数学已发展成为一个科学体系。
Emperor Shen Nong*s Material and Medica (Shengnong Bai Cao) is the earliest existent pharmaceutical work of the Eastern Han and the first systematic conclusion about the medicine application, known as the classic of the traditional Chinese pharmaceutical system.
《神农本草经》是现存最早的药物学专著，为我国早期临床用药经验的第一次系统总结，历代被誉为中药学经典著作。
The book is composed of three volumes, recording 365 kinds of medicine—252medicinal herbs, 67 animal drugs and 46 mineral drugs— together with their locations, their properties, their functions, their efficacy and their mixed application.
全书分三卷，载药365种（植物药252种，动物药67种，矿物药46种）。书中对每一味药的场地、性质、采集和主治病症都有详细记载。对各种药物怎样相互配合应用，以及简单的制剂，都做了概述。
Zhang Zhongjing was from the modern Nanyang, Henan province, one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the last years of the Eastern Han.
张仲景，今河南南阳人，是东汉末年的名医。
During his time, many people were infected with febrile disease.
汉末疫疾流行，大批人感染死亡。
He learned medicine from his townfellow Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature, and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun or Treatise on Febrile Diseases .
张仲景从师同乡张伯祖学医。他汲取前人医学著作之所长,广泛于写出了传世巨著《伤寒杂病论》。
Due to Zhang ’ S contribution to Traditional Chinese medicine he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.
后人尊称他为“医宗之圣”。
Hua Tuo, a famous physician at the end of the Eastern Han, first employed the method of anesthesia in his surgical operation. He devised a series of exercises based on the movements of five animals (tiger, deer, bear, ape, and crane) known as wuqinxi , or “ Frolics of The Five Animals ”，which helps to enhance health.
另外，东汉末年的名医华佗，是有记载以来第一位利用麻醉技术对病人进行手术治疗的外科医生，他创造的“五禽戏”是我国第一套体操性质的健身活动。
In the field of agriculture, Fan Shengzhi (his book Fan Shengzhi Shu ) proposed measurements to ameliorate the harvest results. The peasantry was recognized as the provider of the whole society, and his work had to be estimated.
范胜之著《范胜之书》,提出了改进农业生产的方法，认为农民要为全社会提供粮食，为此必须对其劳动进行评估。
While men worked the fields, women had to spin and to wave.
男人在田间劳作，女人应在家中纺纱织布。
Fan Shengzhi also made propositions for gardening, horse breeding, and the breeding of silkworms.
他还对园艺、养马、养蚕提出了建议。
In this period, calligraphy and painting no longer merely served as picture writing ,they began to develop into a kind of art.
到东汉时期，书法、绘画已不单纯作为文字图形符号使用，它们的艺术地位逐渐显露出来。
