第十一章 真题讲解八

专题二 结构类专题

一、分类列举文章
结构比较清晰的称为分类列举文章
解题要点：
1、 主题句中出现总述性的复数词汇。
2、 每小节一个列举，抓与主题相关的特色词汇。
3、 实现段落跳读。

二、强逻辑文章（较难）
解题要点：
1、 抓住逻辑关键词。（如强转折、强对比等关键词）
2、 边读边总结，把握逻辑线索。
3、 略读人名、数字和引言。

实例分析
《英语中级口译全真试题集》Page 89 Questions 11~15
第一步：划分出文章的七个小节

First the hamburger connection; now the songbird connection. The first link goes like this. Citizens of the United States are hungry for beef, especially in the form of fast foods such as hamburgers, frankfurters and the like. Yet beef has been one of the most inflationary items in the consumer’s weekly shopping basket.

由头两句猜测本篇文章是分类列举文章。

hamburger connection
songbird connection
Yet　非常关键的转折词

So the US government has authorized imports of so – called cheap beef from central America—beef raised on pasturelands established almost entirely at the cost of tropical forests. By trying to trim a nickel off the price of a hamburger, the US has contributed, albeit unwittingly but effectively and increasingly, to the massive loss of forests from southern Mexico to Panama.

So表示结果的逻辑关键词
　　so – called：一个破折号表示解释说明，本词表示一种反讽意味
　　
Now the second link. A vast throng of North American songbirds spend their winters in Central America and the Caribbean－about two thirds of all woodland and forest species, totaling around half of all land birds breeding in North America.
If you look around you on a warm winter’s day in Belize or the Bahamas, every second bird you see is likely to hail from North America.

about two thirds：数字可以略读
every second：每隔一个，二分之一

But the migrants have been running into trouble, according to Dr Eugene S. Morton and his colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. When several billion birds leave North America each autumn, they find, on arriving in their wintering grounds of central America and the Caribbean, that their forest habitats have been succumbing to the machete and the match.

But：强转折词
Dr Eugene S. Morton and his colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.：人名和头衔可以略读

As a result, fewer birds are heading back each spring north of the border. Smithsonian scientists notice that species numbers are declining at rates between one and four per cent a year. The prospect is that there will be major reductions in throngs of forest – dwelling migrants. According to Professor John Terborghof Princeton University, “We are, in effect, about to play observers in a massive experiment in which there will be dramatic alterations in the relative population sizes of numerous common species.”

As a result：逻辑关键词
According to：引言关键词，引言可以省略

Ironically, it is precisely at the time of the songbirds’ return that a number of insect species are likewise putting in a reappearance in North America. They tend to be at key phases of their life cycles, as larvae, etc which leave them unusually vulnerable to insect – eating birds. The Smithsonian scientists speculate that the insect populations have thus far been held below levels at which they prove harmful to agricultural crops, through the predation pressures of huge numbers of songbirds returning over the horizon at just about the right time. If, however, the songbirds continue to decline, the insects could, within the foreseeable future, start to enjoy a population explosion every spring－which could mean bad news for US farmers.

Ironically：具有转折意味的逻辑关键词
　　If：假设
However：引出逻辑线索

两条线索：
Hamburger：美国人喜欢牛肉 ——牛肉价格上涨——从中美进口牛肉——中美森林锐减

Songbird：　北美鸟到中美过冬——中美森林锐减——家园失落——鸟少了——虫多了——美国人遭殃了

总结
分类列举文章解题技巧：边读边总结

11. According to the article, the US government has .
(A) arranged for forest land in Central America to be cleared
(B) seen a massive fall in the consumption of hamburgers
(C) bought up grazing land for cattle in Central America
(D) made it possible for Americans to buy meat at reduced prices

So the US government has authorized imports of so – called cheap beef from central America—beef raised on pasturelands established almost entirely at the cost of tropical forests. By trying to trim a nickel off the price of a hamburger, the US has contributed, albeit unwittingly but effectively and increasingly, to the massive loss of forests from southern Mexico to Panama.

12. The article suggests that .
(A) about 50% of winter birds around the Caribbean are from North America
(B) half the forests in Central America have been destroyed in the past three decades
(C) a third of all North American woodland birds migrate to Central America or the Caribbean
(D) very little forest land in the United States is inhabited by birds

suggests
suggests推断题标志词，同样的词还有infer, imply, most likely, probably, indicate, conclude, suggest, learn
解题技巧：出题者很难出客观公正的推断答案，一般设计陷阱答案——采用排除法

陷阱答案的三种方式：
1、 照搬原文
2、 引诱使用常识
3、 推断过度

13. The expression “succumbing to the machete and the match”(Paragraph. 5) is a metaphor for
.
(A) being returned to a balanced ecology (B) losing their fight against time
(C) being cut down and burnt (D) being ploughed into the ground

原文：
When several billion birds leave North America each autumn, they find, on arriving in their wintering grounds of central America and the Caribbean, that their forest habitats have been succumbing to the machete and the match.
词汇题解题技巧：逻辑关系无法替换。

14. Why are the numbers of birds returning north declining annually?
(A) There are fewer forests in the US for them to return to.
(B) A huge experiment is being conducted on bird populations.
(C) Tropical forests can support greater numbers now.
(D) Their southern habitat is being drastically reduced.

15. The bad news for farmers in spring might be an increase in .
(A) the number of songbirds (B) the number of insects
(C) the size of larvae (D) the price of beef

larvae：幼虫
size of larvae ；幼虫的尺寸

文章中的重点词汇：
nickel：五美分
美元的单位：cent、nickel（金属元素镍）dime、quarter、buck
speculate：预测（口译常考词）
三大含义：
深思：meditate, ponder
推测：assume
投机