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How can the World Bank Group do this? One essential mechanism is our more than $60 billion dollar annual portfolio of financial support to build public institutions and to catalyze a vibrant private sector. By creating knowledge-based global practice groups, our reorganization has developed another critical tool – something we’ve been calling the science of delivery. In order to solve the world’s most difficult development problems, we must ask ourselves two questions. The first is whether the solution is equal to the challenge. In other words, do we understand the problem and does our answer solve it? The second is whether someone, either in or outside the Bank, has found ways to deliver the solution. If so, can we capture it, apply it, and scale it up in other contexts? Our global practices are focused on answering these critical questions.
世界银行集团如何来做到这一点？一个核心机制就是我们每年向发展中国家提供的600亿美元资金支持，用来建设公共机构并催化形成富有活力的私营部门。通过成立以知识为基础的全球实践小组，世行已开发了另一个重要工具——我们称之为“交付科学。”要解决世界上最困难的发展议题，我们必须向自己提出以下两个问题。首先，提出的解决方案是否与面临的挑战规模相符。换言之，我们是否全面地了解面临的问题，我们的答案又能否解决问题？第二，不管是世行内部还是世行之外，是否有人已经找到交付解决方案的途径。如果是这样，我们能否得到、应用这种解决方案并将其扩大推广？我们的全球实践的工作重点就是要回答这些关键问题。
Boosting shared prosperity is the World Bank Group’s way of tackling the challenge of inequality. Identifying ways to deliver the solution requires at least two steps. First, we need to improve our understanding of how economic growth at the national level has an impact on the development of individual households. So we need to collect better and more precise data from low-income countries.
促进共享繁荣是世界银行集团解决不平等挑战的途径。要想找出交付解决方案的办法，至少需要采取两个步骤。首先，我们要更好地了解国家层面的经济增长对个体家庭的影响。因此，我们需要更好、更准确地收集低收入国家的有关数据。
Second, when we provide project-based financial and technical assistance, we must continue to evaluate these initiatives’ impact on low-income people’s earnings. Take building roads. In Bangladesh, we helped build and fix three thousand kilometers of roads. Then we studied whether these improvements made a difference. We found that in just six years’ time, the average household income in the areas of these projects grew 74 percent. This was largely because the roads connected communities to markets. We also looked at areas that had not received these upgrades. There, average household incomes declined 23 percent. These kinds of assessments show what does and doesn’t work when it comes to boosting shared prosperity.
其次，在提供基于项目的财务和技术援助时，我们必须继续评估项目对低收入者收入的影响。以道路项目为例：世行帮助孟加拉国修建了3000公里公路，后来我们研究了道路的改善是否产生了切实影响。我们发现，在短短六年里，公路项目涵盖地区的家庭平均收入增长了74%。这在很大程度上是由于道路把社区与市场连接起来。我们还分析了那些没进行道路升级改造的地区，这些地区的家庭平均收入下降了23%。通过这样的评估分析，就可以看出哪些措施对促进共享繁荣行之有效，哪些措施无效。
Our experience tells us that four strategies are also integral to accomplishing this goal: building human capital; constructing well-designed and implemented social safety nets; offering incentives for the private sector to create good jobs; and implementing fiscally and environmentally sustainable policies to pursue these ends. Projects that share these attributes will receive priority access to the Bank’s financial and technical assistance.
经验告诉我们，有四项战略对实现共享繁荣也是必不可少的：建立人力资本；建设设计和实施良好的社会安全网；向私营部门提供激励以创造好的就业机会；实施具有财政和环境可持续性的政策来实现这些目标。具有上述特点的项目可以优先获得世界银行的财务和技术援助。
The science of delivery has also helped guide our response to the Ebola epidemic. The virus is spreading out of control in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Thousands of people are dead. Likely well over ten thousand people have become infected. And both of these numbers are climbing rapidly. As a consequence, our ability to boost shared prosperity in West Africa – and potentially the entire continent – may be quickly disappearing.
交付科学也指导着我们对埃博拉疫情所作的反应。该病毒在几内亚、利比里亚和塞拉利昂的传播正在失控。已经有数千人死亡，感染者可能已远远超过一万人。死亡和感染人数还在快速上升。这种情况造成的后果就是我们在西非——乃至整个非洲大陆——促进共享繁荣的能力可能会迅速消失。
Under the Bank’s best case scenario, Ebola will cause the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars in economic growth in the affected countries. This is a critically serious matter. These states are emerging from years of civil war and strife, both of which contributed to their low levels of per capita income. Growth is therefore essential to easing the horrible conditions in which millions of their citizens live. If the pandemic continues to jump to other countries, the growth lost could climb into the tens of billions of dollars or higher. So, unless we stop the infection’s spread now, there will be little prosperity to share, to say nothing of the number of people who will be unable to partake in what remains.
根据世行分析，在最好的情况下，埃博拉将给受影响的国家造成数亿美元经济损失。这是一个十分严重的问题。这些国家刚刚走出多年战乱，人均收入很低。因此，经济增长对缓解这些国家几百万人口的悲惨处境至关重要。如果疫情继续蔓延到其他国家，那么造成的经济损失可能高达上百亿美元甚至更高。因此，除非我们立即制止疫情的传播，否则共享繁荣就无从谈起，更不要说很多人将失去生命。
The world’s response to date has been inadequate. I’m a doctor trained in infectious diseases and have treated poor and marginalized people in Haiti, Peru, and Lesotho, among other places. We treated people suffering from complex diseases such as multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV. So it has been painful to see us replay old failures from previous epidemics.
迄今为止，全球对埃博拉疫情作出的反应是不足的。我是一名传染病医生，曾在海地、秘鲁和莱索托等国治疗贫困和被边缘化的病人，如患有多重抗药性结核病和HIV病毒感染等复杂疾病的患者。所以，现在看到我们在流行病问题上重蹈覆辙，让人深感痛心。
At the turn of the century, HIV had infected an estimated 24 million people in Africa. While effective treatments for the virus existed for rich people, low-income people on the continent did not have access to them because of a failure of imagination and low aspirations for the poor. Some global health experts believed that providing effective HIV treatment to low-income communities was too difficult and would cost too much. Yet today, more than 10 million poor people worldwide are being treated for HIV.
在世纪之交时，非洲已有约2400万人感染HIV。虽然有钱人可以获得有效的治疗，但由于有关方面缺乏想象力，对穷人缺乏热情，非洲大陆的低收入者无法获得治疗。当时有些全球医疗专家认为，向低收入社区提供有效的HIV治疗过于困难，耗费太高。但现在，全世界有超过1000万穷人正在接受HIV治疗。
We have made similar mistakes when it comes to combatting Ebola in West Africa, even though we received repeated warnings from governments of the affected countries, Médecins Sans Frontières and others. So now, we’re playing catch up.
我们在抗击西非埃博拉疫情方面也犯了同样的错误——尽管受影响国家的政府和“无国界医生”等组织已经反复提出了警告。所以现在我们必须尽快弥补。
To determine how we could contribute to a coordinated response, the World Bank Group identified infectious disease experts who have on the ground experience implementing complex containment and treatment protocols in low-income countries. We then sent them to Guinea and Liberia. Based on what they saw, they have told us that, if we make an enormous surge now, we can treat the sick and contain the virus. The infrastructure we need is not that difficult to build and we have protocols to limit the infection’s spread. Most importantly, they have told us that further delay will make an effective response exponentially more difficult.
为了确定世界银行集团如何为疫情的协调响应做贡献，世行聘请了一些有在低收入国家控制和治疗传染病经验的专家，将他们派往几内亚和利比里亚。根据在当地观察到的情况，他们告诉我们，如果现在大幅增加疫情防控投入，我们可以治疗那些患者并限制病毒的扩散。建设所需的基础设施并不很难，而且我们已有控制传染的标准化规程。最重要的一点是——他们说，再拖延下去将会使控制疫情的难度几何级上升。
We’re now moving quickly to do our part. The World Bank Group has transferred $105 million dollars in emergency funding to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone – more money to date than any other organization. This ensures their governments have cash to purchase equipment and services essential to fighting Ebola. Overall, we have committed $400 million dollars to support treatment and containment. And we have devoted our considerable analytical resources to show that acting now will save hundreds of millions if not tens of billions of dollars.
我们现在正在迅速行动，做好我们的工作。世界银行集团已向几内亚、利比里亚和塞拉利昂拨付了1.05亿美元紧急援助资金——比其他任何组织都多。这保证了这些国家的政府有现金来购买抗击埃博拉所必需的设备和服务。我们一共承诺了4亿美元用于支持埃博拉的治疗和控制。我们对这场危机也投入了大量分析资源，通过研究表明现在采取行动可以节省数亿乃至上百亿美元。
Other parts of the coordinated global response are also taking place. In the last few weeks, we have seen significant action from President Obama and the United States; the British and French governments are also stepping up their efforts.
其他方面也在加入全球的协调响应。过去几周里，我们看到了奥巴马总统和美国采取的重要行动；英国和法国政府也正在加大努力。
Still, because of the epidemic’s scope and rapid growth, more progress is needed. If the CDC’s worst case scenario comes true, and 1.4 million people are infected, the virus’s impact will be truly global. Concerned citizens need to demand immediate deployments of capital and human resources to the affected countries. Otherwise, thousands more will die needless deaths and an economic catastrophe may take place.
然而，由于疫情范围很广，发展速度很快，因此在疫情控制方面需要有更大进展。如果美国疾病控制中心对防控前景的最糟预测成为现实，多达140万人受感染，那么埃博拉就会产生真正全球性的影响。关心此事的公民应当要求政府立即向受影响的国家提供资金和人力援助。不这样做的话，还会有成千上万人无谓地死亡，同时还可能发生巨大的经济灾难。
The World Bank Group is now fully engaged in fighting Ebola to prevent this outcome; we are also involved because we are committed to promoting equality. Indeed, we aspire to live this value every day in our own workplace. Our employees are citizens of over one hundred countries and speak well over one hundred languages. I am proud of the institution’s openness to differences in no small part because I know what the alternative looks like. After emigrating from Korea as a child, I grew up in a small town in Iowa. I understand what it’s like to be an outsider, and occasionally experienced the pain of racial and ethnic prejudice. At the Bank, exclusion and bias are not tolerated.
世界银行正在全力抗击埃博拉，以阻止上述情况的发生；同时，我们积极参与此事，也是由于我们致力于促进平等。实际上，我们在世行内部也努力贯彻平等的价值观。世行的雇员来自100多个国家，说100多种语言。世行对差异性持非常开放的态度，我对这一点深感骄傲——因为我知道如果不尊重差异性会是什么样子。我童年时从韩国移民来到美国，在艾奥瓦的一个小城长大。我知道作为外来者的滋味，偶尔也尝到过种族歧视的痛苦。而在世界银行，排外和歧视是不被容忍的。
Over time, we have made progress in expanding diversity among World Bank Group employees, but we can do better. For years, for instance, we have fallen short in recruiting African Americans to our ranks. That is changing. We have asked some of the most thoughtful national leaders on diversity to help us build a broad and sustained outreach to highly qualified African American candidates. We will set concrete targets to encourage senior managers to hire more diverse staff. I expect to see the results of our work this coming year.
我们在增强世行集团雇员的多元化方面已经取得了进展，但还可以做得更好。比如，很多年来我们在招募非裔美国人方面做得不尽人意。这种情况现在已有所改变。我们已邀请在多元化领域最有想法的全国性领导人帮助我们，广泛、持续地寻找那些符合条件的非裔美国人候选人。我们将设立具体的指标，确保高层管理者雇用更为多元化的工作人员。我预计这方面的工作将在明年产生具体成果。
Howard University is also helping this efforts. The university and the World Bank Group are in discussions to create internships for doctoral candidates in economics to work with our Development Economics Vice President’s office. These internships would create the opportunity for Howard graduate students to immerse themselves in development policies and programs affecting countries around the world. I also invite all Howard graduates to apply for our expanded analyst and Young Professional programs, which are excellent ways to launch careers at the institution.
霍华德大学也正在这方面向我们提供帮助。贵校与世界银行集团正在讨论为经济学博士生设立实习机会，让他们在发展经济学副行长办公室工作。这些实习机会将使博士生们可以参与影响各个国家的发展政策和规划的制订。我在此也邀请霍华德大学的毕业生申请世行扩大了的分析员和“青年专家”招聘项目，这些项目是开启世行事业的绝佳途径。
I hope that these steps and my presence here encourage many of you to prepare your resumes. Twenty-nine Howard graduates currently work at the Bank. We are always looking for the best and the brightest, and we have found many of them right here.
希望这些措施以及我今天的到来会鼓励你们准备简历，申请有关机会。目前有29名霍华德大学的毕业生在世行工作。我们永远都在寻找最优秀的人才，而我们在贵校就找到了很多。
In 1957, the trustees of Howard University awarded Martin Luther King Jr. and Jackie Robinson honorary Doctor of Laws degrees. Mr. Robinson had just retired from Major League Baseball and was 38 years-old; Dr. King was just 28 years-old. Six years later, during the March on Washington, he stood before the Lincoln Memorial and gave his famous “I have a Dream Speech.” Five years after that, he was shot and killed.
1957年，霍华德大学董事会授予马丁·路德·金和杰基·罗宾逊荣誉法学博士学位。当时罗宾逊先生38岁，刚从美国职业棒球大联盟退役；而金博士只有28岁。六年之后，在华盛顿大游行中，金博士站在林肯纪念堂前，发表了著名的“我有一个梦”演讲。而在那五年之后，他被刺身亡。
Dr. King was one of my heroes. When I was growing up, my mother, a philosopher, used to read his speeches to me. I think about him today because of his bond with Howard and his embrace, years ago, of what have become the World Bank Group’s twin goals.
金博士是我崇拜的英雄之一。在我成长过程中，我的哲学家母亲曾为我朗读他的演讲。今天我又想起他，不仅是由于他与霍华德大学的渊源，也是由于他多年以前就是今天世界银行集团两大目标的支持者。
Four days before his death, Dr. King gave one of his final sermons. Standing only a few miles from here at Washington’s National Cathedral, he called poverty a “monstrous octopus” that “spreads its nagging, prehensile tentacles into hamlets and villages all over our world.” He said that he had seen it in Latin America, Africa and Asia, in addition to Mississippi, New Jersey and New York. He spoke of the challenge “to rid our nation and the world of poverty.”
在金博士去世四天前，他在距此地只有几英里的华盛顿国家大教堂进行了一次布道。他把贫困称为一个“巨大的章鱼”，将“恼人的魔爪伸向世界各地的村落。”他说，他不仅在密西西比、新泽西和纽约看到了贫困，也在拉美、非洲和亚洲目睹了它的存在。他在布道中提出要让“我们的国家以及整个世界摆脱贫困。”
Dr. King told the audience that, “in a few weeks,” he planned to join others in a new March on Washington. He called it a “Poor People’s Campaign” to “demand that the government address itself to the problem of poverty.” He explained that, in this mission, wealth was not wrong, but part of the solution. He said that America’s capacity as “the richest nation in the world” gave it the “opportunity to help bridge the gulf between the haves and the have-nots.” He also explicitly linked justice to economic development. In words that resonate with all of us here, he said, [and I quote]:
金博士告诉他的听众，“几周后”他将和其他人共同在华盛顿举行一次新的游行，他称之为一场“要求政府解决贫困问题”的“穷人运动”。他解释说，在这场运动中，拥有财富不是错误，而是解决方案的一个组成部分。他说，美国是“世界上最富裕的国家”，这给它提供了“帮助消除富人与穷人之间鸿沟的机会”。他还明确地将公正与经济发展联系起来。他的话我们现在听起来都会深有共鸣：
“If a man doesn’t have a job or an income, he has neither life nor liberty nor the possibility for the pursuit of happiness. He merely exists.”
“如果一个人没有工作，没有收入，那他就没有生活，没有自由，也不可能去追求快乐。他只是生存而已。”
The World Bank Group’s two main goals stand in lockstep with the agenda Dr. King laid out in those days before his death, now 56 years ago. Boosting shared prosperity will be achieved by raising incomes, creating jobs, educating children, and providing all with access to food, water, shelter and health care. By doing so, we will grow our collective wealth and nurture our humanity. To paraphrase Dr. King, we will bend the arc of history toward justice.
世界银行集团的两大目标与56年前金博士去世前提出的议程高度一致。促进共享繁荣可以通过提高收入、创造就业、为儿童提供教育、为所有人提供食品、水、住房和医疗保健来实现。通过这些措施，我们将增加我们共有的财富，培养人性关怀。套用金博士的话来说，我们将努力扭转历史的弧线使其偏向正义。
Please join this mission. Help make YOUR generation the generation that ends extreme poverty and reduces inequality all over the world.
请加入这一使命。通过努力在你们这一代终结极度贫困，减少全球的不平等。
Thank you very much.
谢谢。
