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Finally, they analyzed the hypothetical impact of increased meat consumption versus cooking underground storage organs and determined that cooking would provide a greater potential increase in daily energy intake, even over a dramatic rise in meat-eating.
最后，他们分析了肉类消耗增加与烹饪地下贮藏器官可能存在的影响上的差异，并确定烹饪地下贮藏器官将提供更多的能量摄入，即使在肉类摄入量急剧增加的情况下也是如此。
Did you get all that?
都听懂了吗？
The piece also suggested that cooking tubers could help explain the emergence of male-female bonding.
这篇文章还表明，烹饪块茎可以解释为什么会形成男女之间的连结。
Cooking changes the site of consumption.
烹饪改变了人们进食的场所。
Rather than foraging and eating what you find in the place you find it, cooking involves bringing food back to a central location.
烹饪要求你不能在找到食物的地方就吃掉它，而是要把食物带回聚集地。
It trades the security of eating your food immediately for the extra efficiency of letting the fire do some of the digestion for you.
我们的祖先以立即食用食物饱腹为代价，用火烹饪它们以便迅速消化。
It's a system fraught with risk for the one doing the cooking.
对于进行烹饪的人来说，这是一个充满风险的行为。
Cooked food, the researchers argue, would be a more tempting target for would-be thieves, given its increased tenderness and relatively easy locatability.
研究人员认为，熟食对潜在的窃贼来说更具诱惑力，因为它更柔软，而且相对容易定位。
They outline a hypothetical path to male-female bonding that centers around females protecting their tuber-centric resources by forming alliances with males.
他们勾勒出一条假想的男女结合之路，即女性通过与男性结成联盟来保护它们以块茎为主的资源。
This also, in their understanding, helps explain the persistent division of labor found between the sexes.
在研究人员的理解中，这也解释了长期以来不同性别的劳动分工。
The most traditional division - men hunt, women gather - is ultimately unworkable for Wrangham with a raw food diet.
兰厄姆认为，最传统的“男人狩猎，女人采集”的分工在吃生食的情况下是无法实现的。
He imagines an unsuccessful hunter returning empty-handed at nightfall.
他想象出了一个失败的猎人，在夜幕降临时空手而归。
Even if his female partner had gathered tubers for him to eat, he would have an entire night of chewing ahead of him.
他的女性伴侣采集了块茎给他吃，但他要嚼上整整一晚。
Amongst apes, and by Wrangham's association, amongst our pre-cooking apelike ancestors, a large part of the day is spent chewing.
根据兰厄姆的联想，在我们的类人猿祖先中，还没有学会烹饪的类人猿，一天的大部分时间都花在咀嚼上。
(His interest in methods to ease this burden led Wrangham to conduct "... an informal experiment in which friends and I chewed raw goat meat..." with avocado leaves to help accelerate the breakdown of the raw meat.
（兰厄姆对减少咀嚼时间的方法很感兴趣，由此进行了“……一次非正式的实验，我和朋友们一起咀嚼生山羊肉”，并且用鳄梨来加速生肉分解。
Note to self: ignore all party invitations from Richard Wrangham.)
写给自己：不要理会理查德·兰厄姆发出的任何派对邀请。）
Wrangham sees the use of fire, and the reduction in chewing time it entails, as a way to free up time in the day (and, indeed, time at night has now illuminated by those fires).
兰厄姆认为，火的使用导致人类用于咀嚼的时间减少，因此白天能腾出时间做其他事情（实际上，由于火晚上能用来照亮，夜晚的活动时间也增加了）。
Hunting could then grow from a sporadic activity brought about by opportunity, as it generally functions amongst modern primates like chimpanzees, into a consistent enterprise diversifying the hominid larder.
然后，狩猎可能就会从主要看运气的小概率事件——它通常是黑猩猩等现代灵长类动物获取食物的主要方式——发展为一项持续的事业，使原始人的贮藏多样化。
Reading Wrangham's counter-narrative is fascinating, but it received far from universal acceptance upon its publication.
兰厄姆文章中的反叙事很吸引人，但在出版后没有得到普遍接受。
In a devastating academic putdown in the comments of that 1999 article, Professor C.Loring Brace thanks the study's authors for inviting his comments despite the fact that, quote, "...they were fully aware of the fact that I look upon their gambit as belonging more to the realm of anthropological folklore than to that of science."
在1999年那篇文章的评论中，兰厄姆遭到了毁灭性的学术打击，C·洛林·布雷斯教授感谢该研究的作者邀请他写评语，虽然事实上他是这么说的：“……他们很明白，我认为他们的精心研究更多地属于人类学的民俗学领域，而不是科学领域。”
He goes on to damn them with the faint praise that their hypothesis "...may not be science, but... has the makings of an absolutely charming story."
他接着用一种非常微弱的赞美来指责他们，说他们的假设“……也许不是科学，但……绝对是个迷人的故事”。
Savage.
残忍。
Critically, Brace argues, the researchers ignored evidence for the use of certain tools that the hominids they're discussing did, in fact, have access to.
学术上说，布雷斯认为，研究人员忽略了他们研究中提到的原始人使用某些工具的证据，这些工具是那些原始人可以接触到的。
Those tools would provide an alternate means of externalizing digestion.
它们能够提供一种外部加速消化的方法。
Basically, instead of requiring fire to help digest meat, you could make a proto-steak-tartare by cutting meat off a scavenged auroch and bashing it with a club.
基本上，根本不需要用火，原始人可以把捡来的牛排上的肉切下来，用棍子敲打，就可以制作出原汁原味的鞑靼牛排。
Evolutionary biologists Katherine D.Zink and Daniel E.Lieberman published a study in 2016 looking into exactly this kind of mechanical processing, by having people eat, among other things, more raw goat.
进化生物学家凯瑟琳·津克和丹尼尔·利伯曼在2016年发表了一项研究，让人们在饮食中吃更多的生山羊肉，来研究这种加工方法。
What's with the eating of the raw goat?
所以吃生山羊肉到底是怎么回事？
Did I miss this viral trend?
我错过了这股病毒式潮流吗？
