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Currently, it seems like we're seeing nostalgia everywhere: whether it's movies, music, fashion.
目前，我们似乎随处可见怀旧情绪：无论是电影、音乐还是时尚。
We're also experiencing a lot of uncertainty in our society.
我们的社会也经历了很多不确定因素。
When the world seems chaotic, our minds naturally drift towards past experiences that comfort us, but there's other reasons that we're nostalgic.
当世界看起来混乱时，我们的大脑自然会去搜寻以往那些能安慰我们的经历，但我们怀旧是有其他原因的。
Thanks to social media and streaming services, we have nostalgia at our fingertips.
多亏了社交媒体和流媒体服务，我们的怀旧之情触手可及。
A common criticism of nostalgia is it keeps people stuck in the past.
对怀旧的一种常见批评是，怀旧让人沉浸在过去。
Because if you're thinking about the past, then how are you thinking about challenges in the present, or potential challenges in the future?
如果你沉溺于过去，又怎么能思考现在的挑战，或者未来的潜在挑战呢？
If you look at how nostalgia is actually experienced, it's not something that most people dwell on, or it's not something that holds people back.
如果你看看怀旧的体验方式，就知道它并非让大家无法自拔的东西，也不是阻碍人们前进的东西。
It's actually more of a source of inspiration.
事实上，它更多的是一种灵感的来源。
'I can hardly wait!'
“我简直等不及了！”
Nostalgia actually has a pretty wild history.
怀旧其实有一段相当狂野的历史。
The term was coined in 1688 by a Swiss medical student who was working on his dissertation.
这一术语是由一名瑞士医科学生在1688年创造的，当时他正在写论文。
And at that time, what he'd noticed was there were these soldiers that were coming down from the Swiss Alps to fight wars in the plains of Europe who were feeling very anxious and distressed.
当时，他注意到，那些从瑞士阿尔卑斯山下来在欧洲平原打仗的士兵感到非常焦虑和痛苦。
And so he coined the term 'nostalgia' to represent this pain associated with people's longing for their homeland- and he saw it very much as a disease.
因此，他创造了“怀旧”这个词，来代表人们对祖国的向往所带来的痛苦--他认为这是一种疾病。
If you fast forward to the present day, you would discover that nostalgia is actually considered a psychological resource.
如果你快进到今天，就会发现怀旧其实被当作一种心理资源。
It's actually very helpful for our health and well-being.
事实上，它对我们的健康和福祉非常有帮助。
And what we discovered through careful experimentation using tools of modern behavioral science, is that it's actually not the case that nostalgia makes people miserable.
通过使用现代行为科学工具进行仔细的实验，我们发现，怀旧实际上并不会让人感到痛苦。
It's when people are miserable that they turn to nostalgia and nostalgia doesn't reinforce that misery, it actually comforts them.
当人们感到痛苦时，他们就会怀旧，而怀旧并不会强化这种痛苦，反而会给他们带来安慰。
And then even more recently, we've discovered that it actually motivates and mobilizes us to improve our lives, and to pursue the goals that are meaningful to us.
甚至在最近，我们发现它实际上会激励和动员我们去改善自己的生活，去追求对我们有意义的目标。
A lot of nostalgic memories are from when we're children, or when we're in our teenage years.
很多怀旧的记忆都来自我们小时候，或者我们十几岁的时候。
That's when we're becoming ourselves.
那时候我们正在成为自己。
We're figuring out our own interests.
我们正在弄清楚自己的兴趣。
We're developing our own friendships.
我们正在发展自己的友谊。
And there seems to be something about that time of self-development in life that we are drawn to as we get older.
随着年龄的增长，我们似乎会被生命中自我发展的那段时间所吸引。
In times of life where we're going through changes- whether it's we're moving, we're getting married- things that involve big changes in life tend to make us want to reconnect with the past so we can reassert who we are.
当生活中出现变化时——无论是搬家，还是结婚——生活中涉及重大变化的事情往往会让我们想和过去重新联接，以便我们再次确认自己到底是谁。
We can feel like we're the same person.
我们能感受到自己并没有改变。
This is referred to as 'Self-continuity.'
这就是所谓的“自我连续性”。
We're happy to change, we're happy to grow, but we wanna feel like at the core- the person who we are deep down, the authentic self- is relatively stable across time.
我们乐于改变，乐于成长，但我们想要确定自己的核心--我们内心深处的那个人，真实的自我--随着时间的推移相对稳定。
And so, as we approach middle age, we like to remind ourselves, "Oh yeah, this was what I was into, this is who I was then," and it helps us take stock of what we wanna do in the future.
所以，当我们步入中年时，总喜欢提醒自己，“哦，对，这就是我所喜欢的，这就是我那时的样子。”它可以帮助我们评估未来想要做什么。
Are there things we lost track of that we'd like to reconnect with?
有没有什么是我们忘掉了，但想要重新记起来的东西呢？
Nostalgia helps us do that.
怀旧情绪可以在这一点上帮助我们。
Turns out, nostalgia has a number of psychological benefits: For one, nostalgia tends to improve self-esteem.
事实证明，怀旧有许多心理上的好处：首先，怀旧往往会提高自尊。
Nostalgic memories are very much about the self as the protagonist in a story, so other people are present in the story, but really these are our stories.
怀旧记忆在很大程度上是那些自己作为主角的故事，所以虽然故事中有其他人存在，但它其实是我们自己的故事。
And so nostalgia gives us a sense of confidence for who we are, like a clarity of our self-concept, and that tends to boost our self-esteem.
因此，怀旧让我们对自己产生自信，就像自我概念变得清晰一样，这往往会强化我们的自尊。
In addition, nostalgia is highly social.
此外，怀旧具有很强的社会性。
Even though the self is at the center of the story, nearly all nostalgic memories involve close relationships, and so nostalgia also boosts our feelings of connection or belongingness.
虽然故事的中心是自己，但几乎所有的怀旧记忆都与亲密的关系有关，因此怀旧也会增强我们的连接感或归属感。
Nostalgia also increases a sense of meaning in life, and this is because most of our nostalgic memories are cherished memories.
怀旧还能增加生活的意义，因为我们大部分的怀旧记忆都很珍贵。
They're the life experiences that help us feel like we've lived a good life.
那些生活经历可以让我们感觉自己过得很好。
So you look at the past and say, "Hey, I had good things going on then.
所以当你回顾过去的时候，你会说，“嘿，那时候我的生活很美好。
I should be able to have good things going on in the future."
未来我应该也会遇到美好的事物。”
So, nostalgia also increases optimism.
所以，怀旧情绪也增加了乐观情绪。
When life is uncertain, or we're not really sure which direction to take, we need to find clues, right?
当生活不确定，或者我们真的不确定该走哪条路时，我们需要找一些线索，对吧？
We need help in making decisions.
我们在做决定时需要帮助。
Nostalgia gives us wisdom.
怀旧能给我们智慧。
It gives us motivation to take on the challenges of the present, and to pursue goals in the future.
它给了我们接受当前挑战和追求未来目标的动力。
