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What is DNA?
什么是DNA？
Every living thing has DNA, from plants to animals, to bacteria even to viruses which was once considered ‘nonliving’.
从植物到动物到细菌，每一种生物都有DNA，甚至病毒曾被认为是“无生命的”，也有DNA。
Most importantly, we humans have it.
最重要的是，我们人类也拥有DNA。
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA代表脱氧核糖核酸。
And although every living-thing has DNA, its very compositions differentiate you from others.
尽管每个生物都有DNA，但它的组成成分使每种生物都不同。
The interesting fact is that humans DNA is 99% the same.
有趣的事实是，人类的DNA99%都是相同的。
Therefore, it is only 1% of DNA that makes you unique.
因此，只有1%的DNA让你独一无二。
Does this mean twins don't have exactly the same DNA?
这是否意味着双胞胎的DNA并不完全相同？
No, they don't.
是的，他们的DNA不同。
Unless they're monozygotic or identical twins.
除非他们是同卵双胞胎。
So now the questions arise: why every living thing has DNA?
所以现在问题来了：为什么每个生物都有DNA？
What is so important in it and what does it do?
它有什么重要性？它有什么作用？
DNA has a recipe for synthesizing proteins.
DNA有合成蛋白质的配方。
DNA synthesizes RNA or ribonucleic acid by a process called transcription that is further translated into proteins by a process termed as translation.
DNA通过转录合成RNA或核糖核酸，然后通过翻译进一步变成蛋白质。
The explanation of DNA conversion into RNA and finally RNA into proteins is called central dogma.
将DNA转化为RNA，最后将RNA转化为蛋白质的解释称为中心法则。
DNA contains hereditary information that is passed on to you from your parents.
DNA包含了从父母那里获得的遗传信息。
If you and your father have the same color of eyes or your hair are as silky as your mother, it is because of DNA that you inherited from your parents.
如果你和你的父亲有相同的眼睛颜色，或者你的头发和你的母亲一样丝滑，那是因为你从父母那里继承了DNA。
Even many diseases are passed on from generation to generation because of DNA.
甚至许多疾病都是因为DNA而代代相传。
Where does DNA reside in your body?
DNA驻留在你体内的什么地方？
Your body is made up of billions and trillions of cells and almost all cells have DNA in their nucleus.
你的身体是由数以亿计的细胞组成的，几乎所有细胞的细胞核中都有DNA。
Can you tell us which cell may not contain DNA?
你能告诉我们哪个细胞可能没有DNA吗？
Now let’s talk about the structure of DNA.
现在让我们来谈谈DNA的结构。
Think of DNA’s structure as a ladder whose rungs are made up of different bases and sides as sugar – phosphate.
把DNA的结构想象成一个梯子，阶梯是由不同的碱基组成的，两边是糖-磷酸。
Each composition of this nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group is called Nucleotide.
这种含氮碱基、戊糖和磷酸基的每一种组成称为核苷酸。
The Nitrogenous bases are of four different types: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.
含氮碱基有四种不同的类型：腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶。
Adenine will always bind with thymine and cytosine with guanine.
腺嘌呤总是与胸腺嘧啶结合，胞嘧啶与鸟嘌呤结合。
This type of bonding is hydrogen bonding.
这种类型的键是氢键。
Phosphate and sugar are linked together to make backbone and complementary bases are attached on it.
磷酸和糖连接在一起，形成主干，互补的碱基连接在上面。
Due to the bond angle of the sugar-phosphate molecules, the linkages will eventually form a double helix structure.
由于糖-磷酸分子的键角，最终形成双螺旋结构。
There is a lot more to know about DNA, but that’s all for now.
还有很多关于DNA的知识需要了解，这次就这么多了。
