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In 2004, two writers sat down to craft an essay. A manifesto of sorts.
2004年，两位作家一起写了一篇文章。类似于某种意义上的宣言。
After honing in on an argument and spilling it onto the page they released their brainchild into the world.
深思熟虑得出一个论点并将其写在纸上之后，他们向世界发布了他们的心血结晶。
What followed was a firestorm of conversation and debate.
随之而来的是一场对话和辩论的风暴。
Their words reached the front page of the New York Times, The Economist and Salon, sparking a conversation around the direction of climate action.
他们的言论登上了《纽约时报》、《经济学人》和沙龙的头版，引发了一场围绕气候行动方向的对话。
The essay, provocatively titled The Death of Environmentalism, outlined the beginnings of a burgeoning line of thought among some environmentalists.
这篇题为“环保主义之死”的文章具有挑衅性，概述了一些环保主义者中新兴的思想路线的开端。
One that proposed technological innovation and hyper-urbanization as the most effective solution to curbing greenhouse gas emissions.
它提出技术创新和超城市化是遏制温室气体排放的最有效解决方案。
Since 2004, this ideology has seeped into mainstream climate action and has crystallized under the term "eco-modernism."
自2004年以来，这种意识形态已经渗入到主流气候行动中，并在“生态现代主义”这一术语下得以固化。
Today we're going to dive deep into the arguments of eco-modernism and reveal why the solutions it proposes are not adequate for crises we face, and might actually lock in dangerous industrial emissions and extraction for decades to come.
今天，我们将深入探讨生态现代主义的论点，并揭示为什么它提出的解决方案不足以应对我们面临的危机，而且实际上可能在未来几十年内锁定危险的工业排放和开采。
Right before they wrote Death of Environmentalism, authors Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger founded the Breakthrough Institute in 2003.
就在他们写《环境主义之死》之前，作者泰德·诺德豪斯和迈克尔·谢伦伯格于2003年成立了突破研究所。
A California-based think tank that has driven eco-modernism to prominence.
一个位于加州的智囊团，推动了生态现代主义的突出发展。
Although essays forming the outlines of the eco-modernist philosophy can be found as early as the 1990s, it wasn't until 2015 that thought leaders from the Breakthrough Institute and other think tanks clearly laid out the contours of their ideology in the Ecomodernist Manifesto.
虽然早在20世纪90年代就可以找到形成生态现代主义哲学轮廓的文章，但直到2015年，来自突破研究所和其他智库的思想领袖才在《生态现代主义宣言》中明确提出了他们的意识形态轮廓。
In this piece, the authors assert that eco-modernism can remedy the climate crisis through the advancement of technologies that divorce our lifestyles from emissions and any environmental impact while still maintaining economic growth.
在这篇文章中，作者断言，生态现代主义可以通过技术的进步来补救气候危机，使我们的生活方式与排放和任何环境影响相分离，同时仍然保持经济增长。
This idea has come to be known as decoupling.
这个想法被称为“脱钩”。
Decoupling not only in terms of using technologies like wind, solar, and nuclear to separate emissions output from economic growth, but also decoupling in terms of hyper-urbanization, megacities, and high-tech farming that create dense populations so that much of the earth can turn back to so-called pristine wilderness.
脱钩不仅是指使用风能、太阳能和核能等技术将排放物的输出与经济增长分离，而且还指超城市化、大城市和高科技农业等方面的脱钩，这些技术创造了密集的人口，从而使地球的大部分地区可以变回所谓的原始荒野。
In their love of decoupling, eco-modernists valorized the supposed progress of modernization, the authors of the manifesto point to rises in life expectancy, reforestation rates in New England, and global food security, as indicators that the march of progress and technology smoothly and immaculately trend towards the better.
生态现代主义者珍视所谓的现代化进步，在他们的宣言中，作者指出预期寿命的增长、新英格兰地区的植树造林率和全球食品安全，这些都表明进步和技术的发展顺利而完美地趋向更好。
In the eyes of the eco-modernists, the solution to emissions is technological innovation built on free markets.
在生态现代主义者眼中，排放的解决方案是建立在自由市场上的技术创新。
Which, if we look at the history of modernization theory, has always been neoliberal capitalism's answer to the threat of Communism.
如果我们看一下现代化理论的历史，这一直是新自由主义资本主义对共产主义威胁的回答。
As we'll soon see, however, eco-modernism is not only unfeasible, but also its philosophy is built on ahistorical and shaky foundations that reveal a reluctance to face the reality of a highly unequal and environmentally devastated world under capitalism.
然而，我们很快就会看到，生态现代主义不仅不可行，而且其哲学建立在非历史性和不稳定的基础上，显示出不愿意面对资本主义下高度不平等和环境破坏的现实。
In the eyes of eco-modernists and modernization theory in general, the history of progress is a steady path, a rising tide of technology and increased well-being that lifts all ships.
在生态现代主义者和一般的现代化理论眼中，进步的历史是一条稳定的道路，技术的上升和福祉的增加使所有的船都升起。
In their manifesto, the eco-modernist authors write that "humanity has flourished over the past two centuries."
在他们的宣言中，生态现代主义作者写道，“在过去的两个世纪里，人类已经蓬勃发展。”
Citing that "average life expectancy has increased from 30 to 70 years," civil liberties have expanded globally, and even women's liberation has taken root in many countries.
引用了“平均预期寿命从30岁增加到70岁”，公民自由在全球范围内扩大，甚至妇女解放也在许多国家扎根。
According to modernists, these advancements didn't arise from revolutionary pressure from below, but instead from the introduction of new technologies that alleviated individuals from their hardships.
根据现代主义者的说法，这些进步并不是来自于下面的革命压力，而是来自于新技术的引入，使个人减轻了他们的困难。
It's a rose-tinted, ahistorical vision that edits out the reality of abrupt revolutionary ruptures in history that actually caused change, and replaces them with an idea that the slow march of technology over the last two centuries has brought peace and prosperity to all.
这是一种玫瑰色的、非历史性的观点，它将历史上真正引起变革的突发性革命断裂的现实编辑掉了，取而代之的是一种想法，即过去两个世纪技术的缓慢前进给所有人带来了和平和繁荣。
The unspoken subtext of this theory is that free market capitalism enables these advancements to flourish.
这一理论的潜台词是，自由市场资本主义使这些进步得以蓬勃发展。
