评论
打印
The image of the lone wolf who splits from the pack has been a staple of popular culture since the 19th century, cropping up in stories about empire and exploration from British India to the wild west.
自19世纪以来，脱离群体的独狼形象一直是流行文化的主要内容，出现在从英属印度到西部荒野的帝国和探险故事中。
From 1914 onwards, the term was popularised by a bestselling series of crime novels and films centred upon a criminal-turned-good-guy nicknamed Lone Wolf.
从1914年起，这个词被一系列畅销的犯罪小说和电影所普及，这些小说和电影主要讲述了一个绰号“独狼”的人从一个罪犯变成了一个好人的故事。
Around that time, it also began to appear in US law enforcement circles and newspapers.
大约在那个时候，它也开始出现在美国的执法界和报纸上。
In April 1925, the New York Times reported on a man who assumed the title of Lone Wolf, who terrorised women in a Boston apartment building.
1925年4月，《纽约时报》报道了一个自称独狼的人，他在波士顿的一栋公寓楼里恐吓妇女。
But it would be many decades before the term came to be associated with terrorism.
但直到几十年后，这个词才与恐怖主义联系在一起。
In the 1960s and 1970s, waves of rightwing and leftwing terrorism struck the US and western Europe.
在20世纪60年代和70年代，右翼和左翼的恐怖主义浪潮袭击了美国和西欧。
It was often hard to tell who was responsible: hierarchical groups, diffuse networks or individuals effectively operating alone.
往往很难判断谁是罪魁祸首：或是等级森严的团体、分散的网络或单独行动的个人。
Still, the majority of actors belonged to organisations modelled on existing military or revolutionary groups.
不过，大多数行动者都属于以现有军事或革命团体为模式的组织。
Lone actors were seen as eccentric oddities, not as the primary threat.
独行侠被看作是古怪的怪人，而不是主要的威胁。
The modern concept of lone-wolf terrorism was developed by rightwing extremists in the US.
现代“独狼式恐怖主义”的概念是由美国右翼极端分子提出的。
In 1983, at a time when far-right organisations were coming under immense pressure from the FBI, a white nationalist named Louis Beam published a manifesto that called for leaderless resistance to the US government.
1983年，当极右组织受到联邦调查局的巨大压力时，一位名叫路易斯-贝姆的白人民族主义者发表了一份宣言，呼吁对美国政府进行无领导的抵抗。
Beam, who was a member of both the Ku Klux Klan and the Aryan Nations group, was not the first extremist to elaborate the strategy, but he is one of the best known.
贝姆是三K党和雅利安人组织的成员，他不是第一个阐述这一策略的极端分子，但他是最有名的一个。
He told his followers that only a movement based on very small or even one-man cells of resistance could combat the most powerful government on earth.
他告诉他的追随者，只有基于非常小的甚至是一个人的抵抗小组的运动才能对抗地球上最强大的政府。
Experts still argue over how much impact the thinking of Beam and other like-minded white supremacists had on rightwing extremists in the US.
专家们仍在争论贝姆和其他志同道合的白人至上主义者的思想对美国的右翼极端分子有多大影响。
Timothy McVeigh, who killed 168 people with a bomb directed at a government office in Oklahoma City in 1995, is sometimes cited as an example of someone inspired by their ideas.
1995年在俄克拉荷马城用炸弹炸死168人的蒂莫西-麦克维（Timothy McVeigh）有时被引为受到他们思想启发的例子。
But McVeigh had told others of his plans, had an accomplice, and had been involved for many years with rightwing militia groups.
但是麦克维已经把他的计划告诉了其他人，有一个同伙，并且多年来一直参与右翼民兵组织。
McVeigh may have thought of himself as a lone wolf, but he was not one.
麦克维可能认为自己是一匹独狼，但他并不是。
One far-right figure who made explicit use of the term lone wolf was Tom Metzger, the leader of White Aryan Resistance, a group based in Indiana.
一个明确使用“独狼”一词的极右派人物是汤姆-梅茨格（Tom Metzger），他是设在印第安纳州的白色雅利安人抵抗组织的领导人。
Metzger is thought to have authored, or at least published on his website, a call to arms entitled Laws for the Lone Wolf.
人们认为梅茨格撰写了，或者至少在他的网站上发表了一份题为《独狼法》的号召书。
I am preparing for the coming War.
我正在为即将到来的战争做准备。
I am ready when the line is crossed I am the underground Insurgent fighter and independent.
我已经准备好了，当界限被越过时，我是地下的独立的叛军战士。
I am in your neighborhoods, schools, police departments, bars, coffee shops, malls, etc.
我遍布在你们的社区、学校、警察部门、酒吧、咖啡馆、商场等地方。
I am, The Lone Wolf!, it reads.
我是独狼！上面写道。
