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The American Civil War was a conflict between the United States and the Confederate States of America, which was formed by 11 Southern states that had seceded from the Union.
美国内战是美国和南部邦联之间的冲突，南部邦联是由11个脱离联邦的南方州组成的。
The war lasted from 1861 to 1865, ending when the Confederate army surrendered and the Union was restored.
这场战争从1861年持续到1865年，最终邦联军队投降，联邦恢复，战争才结束。
For the first time, telegraphs and newspapers informed civilians of news from the battlefield almost as soon as it happened, bringing more of the horror of war - the personal and political trauma — to them with new immediacy.
这是第一次，电报和报纸以新的直接的方式，几乎第一时间就将战场上的消息告知平民，给他们带来了更多的战争恐怖、个人和政治创伤。
The Civil War resulted in the deaths of as many as 851,000 soldiers, or approximately 2% of the American population at the time.
内战导致多达85.1万名士兵死亡，约占当时美国人口的2%。
American religion changed as survivors on both sides struggled to comprehend the enormous death toll.
当双方的幸存者都在努力理解巨大的死亡人数时，美国的宗教发生了变化。
Understanding of the afterlife shifted, with Northerners and Southerners comforting themselves with the idea that heaven looked like their parlors at home.
对来世的理解发生了变化，南方人和北方人都安慰自己说，天堂看起来就像他们家里的客厅。
When the North and South reunited, how their new society would function was not assured.
当南北统一时，他们的新社会将如何运作还不确定。
President Andrew Johnson showed leniency toward Southern whites and former slave owners, who invented new ways to limit opportunities for Black Americans.
安德鲁·约翰逊总统对南方白人和前奴隶主表现出宽大处理，因为他们发明了限制黑人机会的新方法。
The South was forced to abide by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
南方被迫遵守美国宪法第十四修正案。
Enslaved people were freed and granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights.
被奴役的人获得了自由，并被授予公民身份和平等的公民权利和法律权利。
But by returning seized Southern land to its previous owners, Johnson kept Black people from prospering in the new economy.
但是，通过将被夺取的南方土地归还给以前的所有者，约翰逊阻止了黑人在新经济中获得繁荣。
Many Black families turned to sharecropping, forcing them to rent the land they farmed, and both Black and poor white Southerners began to rely heavily on credit to pay their bills.
许多黑人家庭转向佃农制，被迫租用他们耕种的土地，南方的黑人和贫穷的白人开始严重依赖信贷来支付账单。
Allowed to make their own rules, especially after the end of Reconstruction in 1876, Southern states legally limited the ways Black citizens could participate in society.
南方各州被允许制定自己的规则，特别是在1876年重建战争结束后，通过法律限制黑人公民参与社会的方式。
Even after legal segregation began to end in the 1950s, undoing centuries of codified racism was a defining American problem.
即使在20世纪50年代法律上的种族隔离政策结束，废除几个世纪以来成文的种族主义仍是一个典型的美国问题。
