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Hello, I'm John Russell.
大家好，我是约翰·罗素。
Today we are going to begin exploring the consonant sounds of American English.
今天我们先来探索一下美式英语中辅音的发音。
But first we need to talk a bit about how speech sounds are made.
但是首先，我们要谈谈音是如何发出的。
Speech sounds are made by air moving outward through the mouth or nose.
声音是由空气通过嘴巴或鼻子向外流动而发出的。
Consonant sounds involve a narrowing in the mouth.
辅音的发音涉及到嘴巴的收窄。
The narrowing causes an obstruction in the airstream.
变窄会导致气流受阻。
In contrast, vowel sounds involve very little narrowing in the mouth.
相比之下，元音的发音几乎不涉及嘴巴的收窄。
This lets air pass through freely.
气流可以自由通过。
Here's an example.
这里有一个例子。
Consider this word: farm.
想想这个词，farm农场。
Notice how my mouth narrows at the beginning and end of the word, when I make consonant sounds.
注意在发辅音的音时，我的嘴巴在单词的开头和结尾是如何变窄的。
My mouth opens more when I make the vowel sound in the middle of the word. farm.
当我发中间的元音时，我的嘴巴张得更大。
As we explore consonant sounds, I would like you to keep three things in mind:
当我们探索辅音的时候，我希望你记住三件事：
Place or point of articulation
发音的位置或点
Manner of articulation and voicing
发音的方式和声音
Place or point of articulation refers to the place in your mouth where the air is obstructed.
发音的位置或点是指你嘴里空气被阻塞的地方。
In English, there are around six places inside the mouth where the air is obstructed to make consonant sounds.
在英语中，嘴巴里大约有六个地方的空气被阻塞，从而发出辅音的音。
Such areas include the teeth, the area behind the teeth, the area further back in the mouth, even in the throat.
这些区域包括牙齿，牙齿后面的区域，口腔后部的区域，甚至喉咙内部。
Manner of articulation refers to the way in which the air is obstructed.
发音方式指的是空气被阻塞的方式。
It can be a full or partial obstruction of the air, for example.
例如，它可能会完全或部分阻碍空气。
Voicing is about whether there is a vibration in the vocal cords.
声音是关于声带是否有振动。
As we continue our exploration of consonant sounds, you will become very familiar with these terms.
随着我们继续探索辅音，你将会非常熟悉这些术语。
Keep up the good work.
继续加油吧。
