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Acute Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis: Causes, Features, Treatment.
急性喉气管支气管炎：病因、特点、治疗。
What is Acute Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis?
什么是急性喉气管支气管炎？
It is an inflammatory condition of the larynx, trachea and bronchi; more common than acute epiglottitis.
这是一种喉、气管支气管粘膜的急性感染性疾病；比急性会厌炎更常见。
What Causes Acute Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis?
急性喉气管支气管炎的病因是什么？
Mostly, it is viral infection parainfluenza type I and II, affecting children between 6 months to 3 years of age.
大多数是I型和II型副流感导致的病毒感染，多见于6个月到3岁的儿童。
Male children are more often affected.
男孩更容易受到影响。
Secondary bacterial infection by Gram positive cocci soon supervenes.
继发性革兰阳性球菌感染随即出现。
What happens in Acute Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchitis?
患急性喉气管支气管炎后会发生什么？
The loose areolar tissue in the subglottic region swells up and causes respiratory obstruction and stridor.
声门下区疏松的网状组织肿胀，引起呼吸道阻塞和喘鸣。
This, coupled with thick tenacious secretions and crusts, may completely occlude the airway.
再加上厚厚的分泌物和伪膜，可能会完全堵塞气道。
What are the Symptoms?
有哪些临床表现？
Disease starts as upper respiratory infection with hoarseness and croupy cough.
疾病始于上呼吸道感染，伴有声音嘶哑和干咳。
There is fever of 39-40°C.
发热高达39-40°C。
This may be followed by difficulty in breathing and inspiratory type of stridor.
随之而来的可能是呼吸困难和吸气型喘鸣。
Respiratory difficulty may gradually increase with signs of upper airway obstruction, in other words, suprasternal and intercostal recession.
伴随着上呼吸道阻塞，呼吸困难可能会逐渐加重，胸部三凹征明显。
What is the Treatment?
治疗方法是什么？
One: Hospitalisation is often essential because of the increasing difficulty in breathing.
第一：由于呼吸越来越困难，通常需要住院治疗。
Two: Antibiotics like ampicillin 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses is effective against secondary infections due to gram-positive cocci and H.Influenzae.
第二：使用抗生素如用氨苄西林50毫克/公斤/天，对革兰氏阳性球菌和流感嗜血杆菌引起的继发感染有效。
Three: Humidification helps to soften crusts and tenacious secretions which block tracheobronchial tree.
第三：湿化有助于软化堵塞气管的结痂和粘稠的分泌物。
Four: Parenteral fluids are essential to combat dehydration.
第四：非肠道补液对于对抗脱水是必不可少的。
Five: Steroids, in other words, hydrocortisone 100mg i.V. may be useful to relieve oedema.
第五：类固醇，比如静脉注射100mg氢化可的松，有助于缓解水肿。
Six: Adrenaline.
六：肾上腺素。
Seven: Intubation or tracheostomy is done, should respiratory obstruction increase in spite of the above measures.
七：尽管采取了上述措施，但仍有呼吸道阻塞加重，应行气管插管或气管切开术。
Tracheostomy is done if intubation is required beyond 72 hours.
如果需要插管超过72小时，则应进行气管切开术。
Assisted ventilation may be required.
可能需要辅助吸氧。
