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The pattern of brain activation in both normal people and psychopaths is identical on the presentation of the impersonal moral dilemma, but radically different when things start to get a bit more personal.
正常人和精神病患者在面对客观道德困境时 大脑的活动模式是相同的 但当情况更加个人化时 就完全不同了
Imagine that I went to hook you up to a brain scanner, a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine, and were to present you with those two dilemmas.
想象一下 给你的大脑装上扫描仪——一种功能性核磁共振成像机 然后让你面临这两种困境
What would I observe as you went about trying to solve them?
当你试图解决这些问题的时候 我会看到什么?
Well, at the precise moment that the nature of the dilemma switches from impersonal to personal
当这种困境的本质从客观变成个人的那一瞬间
I would see the emotion center of your brain, your amygdala and related brain circuits, the medial orbitofrontal cortex, for example, light up like a pinball machine.
我会看到你大脑的情感中心 你的杏仁核和相关的大脑回路 比如眶额皮层 像弹球机一样亮起来
I would witness the moment, in other words, when emotion puts its money in the slot.
换句话说 我会见证到情感切换的那一瞬间
But in psychopaths I would see precisely nothing and the passage from impersonal to personal would slip by unnoticed
但在精神病患者身上 我什么也看不见 从客观困境到个人困境的过渡会被忽视
because that emotion neighborhood of their brains, that emotional zip code, has a neural curfew.
因为他们大脑的情感区域 情感编码处 有一个神经禁令
And that's why they're perfectly happy to chuck that fat guy over the side.
所以他们很乐意把那个胖子推下去
Orbital cortex and the amygdala.
眶额皮层和杏仁核
Orbital cortex is involved in inhibiting your behavior.
眶额皮层参与抑制你的行为
Now the amygdala on the other hand really causes behavior and normally they're in balance, they inhibit each other.
而杏仁核却相反 它发起行为 正常情况下 它们互相抑制
Now, in a psychopath they're both turned off so they don't inhibit each other and they don't regulate it
而在精神病患者中 它们都是关闭的 所以它们不会相互抑制 也不会调节
so the normal balance of animal drives and your social interactions, your morality, are not right. That's never right.
导致他们的动物本能和社交、道德之间的正常平衡是不正确的 从来都没正确过
There's a time for aggression. There's a time for killing, even. There's a time for sex.
有时候更具攻击性 有时候更有杀欲 有时候有性冲动
And part of it is how the rest of the brain is able to tell your orbital cortex the social context is correct now.
其中有一部分是 大脑的其他部分会告诉你的眶额皮层这个社会环境现在是合适的
Psychopaths don't have that. They're doing things completely out of context, out of social context, and that's the problem.
精神病患者没有这种能力 他们做事从来不会考虑社会环境 这就是问题
If we remove the definition of psychopath away from the kind of more clinical setting to an everyday life scenario, psychopaths tend to have quite a few positive characteristics going for them.
如果我们不从临床角度来定义精神病患者 而是在日常生活情境中来看他们 精神病患者往往会有一些积极的特征
They tend to be assertive. They don't procrastinate.
他们更加自信 从不拖延
They focus on the positives of situations. They don't take things personally.
他们会看到事情的积极面 不会把事情个人化
They don't beat themselves up when things go wrong.
出问题时也不会揍自己
