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On his studio wall he wrote: "before the soul can fly, its wings must be washed in the blood of the heart." Fun guy.
他在自己工作室的墙上写道：在灵魂飞翔之前 它的翅膀必须在心灵的血液中洗涤 有意思的家伙
But the desires of the characters are so strong.
但是人物的欲望是如此强烈
Their pain is so real and their tragedies feel so inevitable that his plays have an undeniable force.
他们的痛苦是如此真实 他们的悲剧又如此不可避免 他的戏剧有着某种不可否定的力量
His plays are about individual characters and families,
他的戏剧描写的是个体人物和家庭
but they're about the United States too in its greediness an Lea nation and perpetual dissatisfaction.
同时也描写了美国的贪婪、冷漠和永远的不满
"I'm going on the theory that the United States, instead of being the most successful country in the world, is the greatest failure." He told an interviewer.
他对一位采访者说 “我的理论是 美国不是世界上最成功的国家 而是最失败的国家”
It's possible that we wouldn't have O'Neill without the "Little Theater Movement".
如果没有“小剧场运动” 我们可能就不会有奥尼尔
The little theaters were inspired by European theaters, like the FRA buna, the Tatra Libre, and the independent Theatre Society.
“小剧场”的灵感来自于欧洲的剧院：比如弗拉·邦卡、塔特拉·利伯维 以及独立的剧院协会
The little theaters provided alternatives to Broadway, into theatres across the country that were tightly controlled
这些小剧院为百老汇提供了另外一种选择 使得全国各地的剧院
by a syndicate who programmed them pretty exclusively with popular, non-threatening stuff, you know, train tracks place.
被同一个财团严格控制 他们专门为这些剧院编排流行的、不吓人的东西 比如 你知道的 火车轨道
The little theatres were like, we're not here to make money. We don't care if people buy tickets.
小剧院说：我们的目的不是为了挣钱 我们不在乎观众买不买我们的票
There will be no train tracks here at all or if there are there gonna be weird expressionist train tracks.
这里不会有火车轨道 如果有也是奇怪的表现主义火车轨道
There were several little theaters in 1920s New York, like "the Washington Square players",
20世纪20年代的纽约有几家小剧院 比如“华盛顿广场乐手”、
"the Harlem Lafayette players", and "the Neighborhood Playhouse".
“哈莱姆拉斐特乐手”、以及“社区剧场”
Boston, Chicago, and Detroit also had little theaters.
而波士顿、芝加哥和底特律的剧院极少
The most famous of them was the Provincetown Players which started, you guessed it, in Provincetown Massachusetts.
其中最著名的是斯顿剧团 你猜对了 他们起源于马萨诸塞州的普罗文斯敦
But because even commercial theaters want to make a splash, the players moved to Manhattan.
不过因为是商业性剧院 也想名声大噪 所以斯顿剧团搬到了曼哈顿
The players got started in 1915 by the writer Susan Glaspell and her husband George Cram Kook.
斯顿剧团是于1915年由作家苏珊·格拉斯贝尔和她的丈夫乔治·克拉姆·库克创立的
They produced their work and the work of friends, the second season included Eugene O'Neill's "Bound East For Cardiff".
他们演出自己的以及朋友们的作品 第二季包括尤金·奥尼尔的《东航卡迪夫》
The theater became a home for poets like Edna St. Vincent Millay and Wallace Stevens,
该剧团后来成为埃德娜·圣文森特·米莱、华莱士·史蒂文斯等诗人
and four female playwrights like Djuna Barnes, Neith Boyce, and Glaspell herself, who would later win the Pulitzer Prize for drama.
以及朱娜·巴恩斯、内斯·博伊斯、包括格拉斯贝尔本人等四位女性剧作家的家 格拉斯贝尔后来还获得了普利策戏剧奖
O'Neal's plays made the theater a hit, but this was never what its founders wanted so it disbanded in 1923.
奥尼尔的戏剧使该剧院名噪一时 而这并不是它的创始人想要的 于是他们于1923年将该剧院解散
Let's look at one of Glaspell's plays "Trifles", written in 1916.
我们来看看格拉斯佩尔1916年的一部戏剧《琐事》
This is both a realistic play and an experimental one and one of the earliest examples of feminist theater.
这是一部现实主义戏剧 也是一部实验性戏剧 是最早的女性主义戏剧之一
It's also a murder mystery. Help us out thoughtbubble.
同时它也是一部谋杀悬疑剧 来看思想泡泡
Like Sophie, …from our episode on Expressionism Trifles was inspired by an actual murder case …,
和……一样 《琐事》的灵感也来源于一桩真实的谋杀案
in which an Iowa woman was accused of murdering her husband with an axe.
在这起案件中 一名爱荷华州的妇女被指控用斧头谋杀了自己的丈夫
Trifles begins in a farmhouse.
《琐事》的开场是在一家农舍
A few days after a murder, a neighbor discovered the husband John dead in his bed upstairs.
一桩谋杀案过去的几天后 一个邻居发现丈夫约翰死在了楼上的床上
The wife Miny claimed a burglar had strangled him.
他的妻子米妮声称是一个窃贼勒死了他
Now the county prosecutor plus the neighbor and the sheriff and their wives have come to the farmhouse
之后县检察官、邻居、警长、以及他们的妻子来到这家农舍
to look for clues and gather up a few of minis things. CSI double date.
查找线索 收集一些细微的东西
They come into a living area and the prosecutor asks if there's any evidence here.
他们来到厨房 检察官询问他们这里有没有线索
But the sheriff says, nothing here but kitchen things.
然而警长说：这里除了厨房用品之外什么都没有
So the men leave the unimportant kitchen things to the ladies.
之后男人们把不重要的厨房留给女人们查看
"Women are used to worrying over Trifles", the neighbor says.
邻居说：“女人已经习惯操心琐事了”
That is when the ladies cracked the case, while they're looking at her preserves
就在这时 女人们打开了箱子 她们在查看蜜饯、
and her bread dough and her quilting, they find an empty birdcage, and then the dead bird.
面团和棉被时现了一个空鸟笼 然后是一只死鸟
It's been strangled the same way that John was strangled.
它被勒死的方式和约翰死的方式一样
The women come to understand that John had isolated his wife and mistreated her and then killed her bird. so she retaliated.
女人们明白了 是约翰孤立了自己的妻子、虐待她、还杀了她的鸟 所以妻子进行了报复
"I know how things can be for women." the sheriff's wife says,
“我懂女人的处境” 警长的妻子说
"We all go through the same things. It's just a different kind of the same thing."
“我们都经历过同样的事情 这是同一件事 只不过性质不同而已。”
Thanks thoughtbubble.
谢谢思想泡泡
This is a naturalistic play, but it's clear that what's natural in a marriage means different things to the male and female characters.
这是一部自然主义戏剧 不过很明显 婚姻中自然的东西对男性和女性角色的意义是不同的
The men can't understand why a wife would kill her husband. The women get it.
男人们无法理解妻子为什么会杀害自己的丈夫 而女人们理解
They sympathize with many. They don't share her motive with the men and they conceal the evidence.
她们同情其他女人 她们没有把她的动机告诉男人 她们隐瞒了证据
Why is the play feminist though.
为什么说这部剧是女权主义戏剧？
Well, not only because it's a portrait of an abusive marriage that is sympathetic to the wife,
嗯 因为这部剧不仅仅是对暴力婚姻的描绘、对妻子的同情
but because the wives are more perceptive than their husbands and ultimately they solve the mystery.
同时也说明妻子比丈夫更具洞察力 是她们解了这个谜团
O'Neill and the Provincetown Confederates weren't the only American moderns though.
不过 奥尼尔和普罗文斯敦同盟并不是美国唯一的当代主义剧作家
Living in France, American Gertrude Stein was writing some very strange plays that don't move or feel like plays at all.
住在法国的美国人格特鲁德·斯泰因写了一些非常奇怪的戏剧 他的戏剧并不生动 而且和戏剧不怎么搭边儿
Works like "Ladies Voices" and "What Happened" aren't big on character or plot,
像《女士们的声音》、《发生了什么》等戏剧并没有很厉害的人物和情节
but they're full of words that swirl and dart and loop and repeat in a continuous present tense.
里面全是swirl(旋转)、dart(猛冲)、dart(飞奔)、loop(环绕)这种词 而且用进行时态不断重复
Everything seems to always be happening at the same time. You can even call her plays "cubist",
所有的事情好像都是同时发生 你甚至可以称她的戏剧为“立体主义者”
the literary analogue of the Picasso paintings that Stein loved.
这是对斯坦因喜爱的毕加索画作的文学类比
And over in Connecticut, Stein's friend Thornton Wilder was writing quiet philosophical bittersweet plays.
而在康涅狄格州 斯坦因的朋友桑顿·怀尔德正在写一些平静的、苦乐参半的哲学性戏剧
That played with structure and design, like the long Christmas dinner and our town.
他的戏剧就像漫长的圣诞晚餐和我们的小镇
Though the plays seemed to tackle typical subjects a family of romance,
这些戏剧虽然以浪漫家庭作为典型主题
they take a wry metaphysical approach to everyday life, presenting an audience with a mostly bare stage
但它们对日常生活采取了一种扭曲的形而上学的方式 它们为观众呈现的是一个几乎没有装饰的舞台
and asking them to use their imaginations and their own life experiences to fill that stage back in.
并要求观众用自己的想象力和自己的生活经历来填补这个舞台
Thanks for watching. Next time we're gonna be heading to the Renaissance, the Harlem Renaissance,
谢谢观看 下节课我们会讲文艺复兴 即哈莱姆文艺复兴
a movement that encouraged a flowering of African American theatre and performance.
该运动促进了非裔美国人戏剧和表演的繁荣发展
But until then, curtain.
下节课见 闭幕！
