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Childhood is a feature of being a human. It is a big part of what makes us so incredible.
童年是人类的一个特征。这是人类如此不可思议的一个重要原因。
It's a big part of what allows us to be the conscious, creative, analytical, mathematical, moral animals that we are.
这一重要的部分也使我们成为了有意识、有创造力、善于分析、有道德的动物。
So what then is childhood for? The simplest answer is childhood is for learning to be human.
那么童年的意义是什么？最简单的答案是，童年的存在是为了学习如何做人。
And so if you prevent a child from learning on their own—
所以如果你阻止一个孩子独立学习——
either by doing all of their thinking for them and solving all of their problems for them,
要么是替他们思考，或为他们解决所有问题，
in the style that has been called helicopter parenting—or, and this is related but different,
这种教育方式被称为“直升机式教育”——又或者，这和前者相关的，但又存在不同，
or if you keep them from experiencing physical environments
或者如果你不让他们体验物质环境，
such that the only things that they are experiencing are social or virtual environments,
而只让他们体验社交或虚拟环境，
if you keep them from either of those things learning how to solve problems on their own,
如果你不让他们做这些事情中的任何一件——不管是让他们学习如何自己解决问题，
and being exposed to the physical world with all of its messiness and its undeniable reality
还是让他们暴露在物质世界的混乱和不可否认的现实中
you will create children in either of those situations, and especially if you do both to them,
不管是哪种情况，尤其是你用这两种方式对待他们时，
you will create children who don't know how to solve their own problems and don't know what actual harm is.
你会创造出不知道如何解决自己的问题，也不知道真正的伤害是什么的孩子。
So, to be an animal on the planet is to move around the world and to risk being hurt.
作为地球上的一种动物，身处世界就要冒着被伤害的危险。
And if you have grown up never having been hurt, never having experienced gravity—
如果你在成长过程中没从体验过伤害，从未体验过重力——
if you watched the Road Runner cartoons and watched the Road Runner chase Wile E. Coyote off the cliff
如果你看过动画片《威利狼与哔哔鸟》
and saw gravity not take effect until the Coyote noticed that he was actually over thin air and then he fell, that's funny, right?
并且看到直到威利狼注意到他实际上是在稀薄的空气中，他才意识到重力的作用，然后他摔倒了，这很有趣，对吧
That's funny in a cartoon. But if you've actually never experienced gravity,
在动画片中，这看起来很有趣。但如果你从未体验过重力，
if you haven't played enough on trees or on swings or whatever and fallen off and gone down and hurt yourself,
如果你没有爬过树，荡过秋千，或是摔伤自己，
you may not actually believe in the reality of it. And so kids will grow up if they've been prevented from experiencing the outdoors,
你或许不会相信重力的存在。所以如果孩子们没到户外玩耍过，
which is unpredictable and cannot be fully controlled,
外边的世界是不可预测，不可控的。
they will grow up and anytime they feel hurt of the emotional sort or of the intellectual sort they will think:
那么这样长大的孩子，每当他们感到情感上或智力上的伤害时，他们就会觉得：
'This is harm. This is harm.' And it's not. We need to create children who are in fact anti-fragile,
‘这就是伤害，这就是伤害。’其实并不是。我们需要培养出能够抗打压的孩子，
and who grow more from actually being exposed to ideas with which they disagree and strong emotions that we might say are negative,
需要他们接触与他们意见不一致的观点和强烈的负面情感，这样他们能成长更多，
and indeed to situations where physical harm could come but hopefully it won't.
并且还希望他们接受身体上的伤害，虽然我们并不希望这种情况发生。
Maybe it's sport, maybe it's carpentry, maybe it's cooking a meal without using a recipe—using real ingredients.
这种伤害可以来自体育运动、木工活，可能是不用烹饪器具的烹饪——使用真正的材料。
Anything where there's a physical result in the world that you cannot game,
至少在这个世界上，存在一种物理结果，
that you cannot convince yourself, 'Yeah I did that well.' Either you fell or you didn't.
让你无法说服自己，“是的，我做到了。”你要么就摔倒了，要么就没有。
Either you caught the Frisbee or you didn't. You built the table or you didn't. The food is edible or it's not.
要么你接住了飞盘，要么就没接住。做了就是做了，没做就是没做。做出来的食物，要么能吃，要么不能吃。
And so having real-world results for the actions that you take allows people to realize,
因此，你所采取的行动在现实世界中会有结果，这让人们意识到，
you know what, it's not all just a social construct. Helicopter parenting, and all of its associated forms,
这不仅仅只是一个社会结构。直升机式教育以及它的所有相关形式
prevents children from exploring their emotional and intellectual landscape
阻止孩子探索他们的情感和精神世界
and often their physical landscape as well such that they become adults in body only.
通常也影响到了他们的物质世界，以至于成长的只有他们的肉体而已。
They haven't actually learned how to be human—they are still being coddled.
他们没有学会怎么做人——他们仍然被娇惯着。
Children who are coddled, who are protected from injury and insult as children,
被娇惯着的孩子，被保护者的孩子
won't grow up into adults who know how to deal with injury and insult when it happens to them.
当伤害和侮辱发生在他们身上时，他们不懂得如何想大人一样的处理它们。
