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Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we're going to circle up our pageant wagons and talk about the theater of the late Middle Ages: mainly mystery plays and morality plays.
嘿，大家好，我是迈克·鲁格内塔，这里是“戏剧速成小课堂” 今天我们将围绕露天表演的马车来讨论中世纪晚期的戏剧：主要是推理剧和道德剧
Judged by contemporary standards, these plays are…awkward.
以当代的标准来判断的话 这些戏剧都 很是尴尬
They're episodic, kind of basic, and pretty chaotic in their mix of comedy, drama, and scripture.
是分段式的 有一定的基础 将喜剧、戏剧和经文混杂到一起 相当混乱
But some of the jokes are good. Like the ones about baby-eating. But that's more Yorick's speed than mine—you love a morose groaner, don't you, Bonehead? This guy…
不过有些笑话还是挺有意思的 比如吃婴儿那一段 那一段是尤里克的菜 不是我的 你偏爱忧郁的呻吟家 对吧 傻子？这家伙~
Mystery plays and morality plays were the first European plays to unite religious life and secular life in more than a thousand years. Whole towns pitched in to create them; whole towns arrived to see them.
推理剧和道德剧是千年以来首次将宗教生活和世俗生活结合在一起的欧洲戏剧 所有人都参与创作 所有人都会去看
Those wagon wheels paved the way for the Renaissance's theatrical explosion.
那些马车轮子为文艺复兴时期戏剧黄金时代的到来铺平了道路
Today, we're going to look today at The Second Shepherd's Play, written by the Wakefield Master.
今天 我们来看看《第二部牧羊人剧》 由威克菲尔德·马斯特创作
It may seem a little hum-drum, but no Wakefield Master, no Shakespeare. And no Shakespeare: NO YORICK! Maybe that's ok…
内容可能有点无趣 但是 没有威克菲尔德·马斯特就没有莎士比亚 没有莎士比亚就没有尤里克！没有尤里克~或许可以接受
A couple of episodes ago, we looked at liturgical drama: those moments, first in the Easter mass and then all year, when priests and monks acted out some of the liturgy.
前几集里 我们讲了礼仪剧 来回忆一下 首先是复活节弥撒 然后一整年 牧师和修道士表演礼拜仪式
This form took off, and spread all throughout Europe. And by the 11th and 12th centuries, got pretty elaborate.
礼拜仪式流行起来 并传播到整个欧洲 到了11世纪和12世纪 礼仪剧变得愈加精致
It expanded out from the altar and spread all over the church, occupying small spaces usually known as mansions, which were decorated to suggest different scenes.
它不仅占据了祭坛的空间 还传播至整个教堂 占据了一些小空间 这些小空间被装饰成不同的场景 通常被称为宅第
One personal favorite of mine: The Hell Mouth.
我个人最喜欢的是：《地狱之口》
For a while, liturgical drama works. You have the liturgy, you have the drama, you have the mansions—religious fun for the whole family. But eventually it's just not enough.
礼仪剧火过一阵子 有了礼拜仪式 有了戏剧 有了宅第 有了全家都能享受的宗教趣味 但是终究不够
Because here's the thing: Medieval Gothic churches are big. They're really big.
因为事情是这样的：中世纪的哥特式教堂很大 真的很大
They are trying to stretch all the way up to heaven and capture something of God's majesty in glass and stone.
它们试图一路延伸到天堂之上 并用玻璃和石头来撩拨上帝的威严
If you've ever stood in Notre Dame, or York Minster, you're like, yup, that there's some world class majesty.
如果你曾站在巴黎圣母院或者约克大教堂里 那么你会感慨说：没错 透着某种世界级的庄严
And yet, even these colossal churches become too small to contain the awesomeness that is THEATER!
不过 即使这种级别的教堂依然容纳不下戏剧的排场
So liturgical drama moves to the only other place with enough square footage to accommodate all that dang majesty: outside.
所以 礼仪剧搬到了另外一个地方 那里有足够的场地来容纳所有的庄严：露天
Now you're thinking, yay, fun, liturgical drama alfresco!
现在你在想 耶！真有趣 露天礼仪剧！
Not so fast. In 1210, Pope Innocent III issues an edict saying that the clergy can't perform plays in public.
场地转变并没有那么迅速 1210年教皇伊诺森三世颁布法令 禁止神职人员在公共场合表演戏剧
The clergy are like, "Oh well."
神职人员说 “嗯，那好吧”
But the people are like, "No! No! No! You can't walk it back. We want hellmouths! Bigger! Better! More!"
而人民发出了呐喊，“不！不！不！你们不能走！我们要看地狱之嘴！要看更大更好的！还要看更多！”
So in the early 13th century a radical thing happens: Drama moves from being a clerical phenomenon to being a secular one. We back, baby!
所以在13世纪早期 发生了一件很棒的事情 戏剧从牧师现象转变成了世俗现象 我们回来了 宝贝！
Since Roman times—for more than a thousand years!—Christians have haaaated theater.
基督徒们讨厌戏剧 从罗马时代开始 讨厌了一千多年
But Christians also loved theater, or the liturgical drama wouldn't have caught on the way it did.
不过基督徒们也喜欢戏剧 不然就不会有礼仪剧的流行
Performing plays inside the church, basing them exclusively on the Christian liturgy, and having members of the clergy act in them were the strategies Christians used to make it less sinful… but that's all gone now.
在教堂里表演戏剧 完全以基督教的礼拜仪式为基础 让神职人员参与进来是基督徒们用来减轻罪恶的方式 但是 现在已经没有了
Drama has left the building and by building I mean basilica; priests are no longer the actors. Bring on the incest plots and the dancing girls!
戏剧不再拘泥于建筑之内 我说的建筑指基督教堂 牧师们也不再是演员 上演乱伦情节和跳舞的女孩
Ok, it doesn't escalate THAT quickly, It's going to take theater a few decades to get truly decadent.
好吧 升级没有那么快 戏剧需要几十年的时间才能变得真正颓废
Theater sticks pretty closely to the Bible and associated religious texts as the liturgical dramas transform into the cycle plays.
随着戏剧逐渐转变为循环剧 它和《圣经》以及相关的宗教文献也变得紧密相连
Cycle plays are an ambitious genre of medieval drama that depicts the whole history of the Christian universe, starting with the creation of the world, and ending with the death and resurrection of Christ, and skimming most of the Old and New Testaments in between.
循环剧是一种雄心勃勃的中世纪戏剧形式 它描绘了整个基督教世界史 从创世开始 以基督的死亡和复活结束 并在其间借鉴了《旧约》和《新约》里的大部分内容
Some of them go all the way up to the Last Judgment.
循环剧一路蓬勃发展 直至迎来了“末日审判”
In England, the performing of cycles began sometime in the late 1300s and continued until into the late 1500s, when they were banned because of the English Reformation.
在英国 循环演出始于14世纪晚期 一直到16世纪晚期 当时因为英国的宗教改革而被禁止
The Protestants weren't so keen on graven images, even fun theatrical ones, and cycle plays were seen as too Catholic.
新教徒们不太喜欢雕刻的图像 甚至是有趣的戏剧图像 而且循环剧被认为太过天主教化了
The same thing happened throughout Europe.
同样的事情发生在整个欧洲
In the age of religious disputes and wars, religious drama was seen as too controversial (even if it was very popular).
在宗教纷争年代以及战争年代 人们觉得宗教戏剧饱含争议(虽然它很受欢迎)
In some cities cycle plays were organized by religious guilds, but in many places, especially England, they were produced by trade and craft guilds.
在一些城市里 循环剧是由宗教公会组织的 但是在许多地方 尤其是英国 循环剧是由贸易和手工艺公会创作的
This is why they are sometimes known as mystery plays, because a "mystery" was another word for a trade.
这就是他们时而被称为“推理剧”的原因 因为“mystery”也可用来指交易
So carpentry, that's a mystery. As are ship-building, blacksmithing, and baking.
所以手工艺 就是“mystery” 造船、锻造和烘烤也是如此
The plays themselves are not mysteries like Murder She Wrote or Serial. They're more about mystery in the religious sense. Whodunnit?
这些戏剧本身并不像《女作家与谋杀案》或者或系列小说那样悬疑 它们更多的是宗教意义上的神秘 侦探小说
God, pretty much always. Or sometimes Judas.
天哪 总来这套 时不时还有叛徒
Cycle plays are also known as passion plays if the particular cycle focuses on the passion of the Christ.
循环剧又被称为耶稣受难复活剧 如果特定的循环聚焦在耶稣的受难上
In most cases, each guild would be responsible for staging a biblical story, usually one overlapping with their work. So the shipwrights might take on Noah and the Ark, and the bakers the Last Supper.
大多数情况下 每个公会会负责出演一个圣经故事 这个故事通常涉及他们自身的工作 所以 造船工就可以表演《诺亚方舟》较量 而面包师们可以表演《最后的晚餐》
Each guild would supply the costumes, actors, and set—and pile it all into a big cart, known as a pageant wagon—basically, a theatremobile.
每个行会都会提供戏服、演员和布景—然后把它们都塞进一辆大车里 也就是游行马车—说白了就是移动的剧院
The carts were trundled through the town, stopping often at fixed points to perform.
马车缓慢地穿过城镇 一般会停在固定的地方进行表演
Or maybe they stayed put and audiences moved? Scholars aren't sure.
或者是马车不动 观众们移动？学者们也不确定是哪种
And by the way, the move from cart to cart mirrors the way dramatic action would move from mansion to mansion in liturgical dramas.
顺便提一下 马车的来回移动折射了礼仪剧中戏剧动作在宅第间的移动方式
Each play lasted half an hour, and there were upwards of forty plays! If you thought Les Miz was long, get ready.
每出剧长达半小时 共四十多出 如果你觉得《悲惨世界》很长 那么你要做好看更长剧的准备了
The cycle dramas were often performed over several days, though—you weren't expected to sit for twenty straight hours.
循环剧通常会表演好些天 你肯定也不想连续干坐20个小时
You could relieve yourself, grab a beer or a lard-based pie.
你可以上个大小号 喝杯啤酒或者吃块大号馅饼
Most actors weren't professionals, either: they were men and boys, drawn from the working class. In some towns, women participated.
大多数演员都不是专业演员：都是成年男子或者小男孩 来自工人阶级 在某些城镇 女人也可以参加表演
Amateur actors were expected to take their work very seriously, though: you got fined if you didn't know your lines.
业余演员被要求要认真对待工作：忘台词的话会扣工资
The cycle plays were a big draw for tourists and a chance for towns to show off their civic pride, and their skills as craftspeople.
游客们酷爱循环剧 循环剧也是城镇炫耀其公民自豪感和手工艺技能的机会
OOOooooOOOOoooo—mysteriiioooouuussss!
哦哦哦哦哦哦哦哦—悬~~~~~~~~疑！
