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Eventually the improvised situations get cornified and written down and made into plays. And wow, are these plays vulgar.
这种即兴表演最终被翻译并记录下来制作成了戏剧，哇哦，这些戏剧都很粗俗哦。
If you're ahead flesh, he would blush in that right slim.
如果你先下手为快，他会脸红的。
Not every form is quite so dirty, though in the late 3rd century BCE and early second century BCE a new kind of comedy appears—the "Fabula Palliata". Though maybe "new" isn't the best way to describe it.
并不是每一种形式都很粗俗下流，公元前3世纪晚期和2世纪早期，一种新的喜剧形式出现了，那就是“长袍剧”。或许不能说它是“新”的戏剧类型。
A palliata refers to a cloak.
palliata说的是一种披风。
And so either these plays were named for loose cloaks that the actors wore or the plays themselves were loosely cloaked versions of Greek originals.
所以说这些戏剧的名字要不就是来源于演员们穿的宽松斗篷，再要不就是来源于希腊原始的一种宽松式的斗篷。
Yes, they were in Latin. But they featured Greek characters in Greek settings and were ripped off pretty much wholesale from the plays of Menander so that cloak pretty loose.
是的，用拉丁语写的。但是它们以希腊人物为背景，并且剽窃了很多米南德(雅典剧作家)的作品，所以斗篷才如此宽松。
More of a shawl really.
更像是披肩说实话。
Now maybe you're thinking: hey, that sounds a lot like plagiarism, and yes, it does.
或许你此刻在想，嘿，这听起来很像剽窃，是的，确实如此。
But let's not forget that Roman culture was pretty fond of Greek culture. And celebrated responding to and engaging with ancient sources as its own kind of originality.
但是别忘了，罗马文化对希腊文化情有独钟，并以回应和参与古老资源作为自己的独创性而著称。
Think of Virgil's Aeneid.
想想维吉尔(古罗马诗人)的《埃涅伊德》(古罗马史诗)。
The Fabula Palliata mostly rip off new comedy, chiefly the plays of Menander and a couple of his rivals whose plays are lost.
大部分长袍剧都是从新喜剧中剽窃的，主要是米南德的作品还有他的几个竞争对手的作品，不过他们的作品已经绝迹。
The two playwrights who do this the most successfully our Plautus and Terence.
剽窃最成功的两个剧作家就是普劳图斯和泰伦斯。
Will discuss them next time when we take a closer look at the surviving literature of the Roman theatre and spoiler alert! There's not a lot of it.
下节课我们再来讨论他们，下节课我们会进一步探讨现存的罗马戏剧文学，剧透警告！剧透的不多。
Oh, and I should also mention that there were original plays called "Fabula Praetexta", Roman plays about Romans, but no one seems to have liked them that much. They didn't even get a laserdisc release.
喔，我还应该提一下这个，原创戏剧，被称为“白长袍剧”，是一部讲罗马人的罗马剧。但喜欢这个剧的人好像不多，它们甚至没有发布一张激光光盘。
Now let's turn to Roman theater in production in the ThoughtBubble:
现在我们来回到“罗马戏剧的制作”这个话题，请看思想泡泡：
In our episode on the origins of Greek theater, we discussed how one of the festival's honoring Dionysus became the first home for Greek tragedy.
在我们讲“希腊戏剧起源”那一集里，我们讲到过“一个纪念狄俄尼索斯的节日是如何成为希腊悲剧的起源的”。
Some similar happens in Rome.
在罗马也发生过类似桥段。
In the late 6th century BCE, the dictator Tarquin establishes the ludI RomanI or Roman Games.
公元前6世纪晚期，独裁者塔奎因设立了“罗马节”，也可以说是“罗马竞技赛”。
This was a festival honoring Jupiter who seems like a way less fun god to honor than Dionysus.
这个节日是用来纪念朱庇特(罗马神话中的宙斯神)的，感觉纪念朱庇特没有纪念狄俄尼索斯那么有趣。
Now even in its early manifestation, this festival apparently included less tearing a part of animals and more ordinary kinds of fun, like games and eventually chariot races.
这个节日最初的表现形式很明显不是狂撕牲畜们的身体，趣味性比较一般，比如竞技和最后的“马车比拼”。
In the middle of the century, Rome suffered a terrible plague.
在本世纪中期，罗马经受了一场可怕的瘟疫。
And at that point theatrical performances seemed to have been added as a way to cheer up the people and maybe chill out some theater love and gods.
那时流行起来的戏剧表演似乎是作为一种鼓舞人们的方式，或许还能让一些戏剧爱好者和诸神冷静冷静。
But it isn't until 240 BCE that drama is formally added to the festival.
但直到公元前240年，戏剧才正式和节日扯上关系。
And it probably wouldn't surprise you that these early dramas weren't exactly original.
这些早期戏剧并不是完全原创的，你可能已经想到这个了。
The first play was by Livius Andronicus: A Greek slave who basically just translated a Greek play.
第一部戏剧是里维乌斯·安德罗尼柯创作的：一个只是翻译了一部希腊戏剧的希腊奴隶的故事。
Once plays are added to more and more festivals, they're referred to as Ludi Scaenici.
戏剧一旦和越来越多的节日扯上关系，它们就变成了“戏剧比赛会”。
Production was a little different in Rome than in Greece.
罗马戏剧和希腊戏剧稍有不同。
Plays don't seem to have held the same associations of civic duty and civic virtue, instead theatre was almost immediately professionalized.
罗马戏剧似乎没有没有牵扯到公民义务和公民美德，相反，罗马戏剧很快就专业化了。
A person known as an Aedile or a Praetor would take charge of the festival and hire a Dominus Gregis to supply the play or play.
一种被叫作“营造官”或“裁判官”的人会来管理这个节日，并招募一个剧团团长来提供剧本或者参演。
The Dominus Gregis would buy a play, hire a mix of slave and free actors to act it and arrange masks and props and probably at least a couple of flutes.
剧团团长会去买一个剧本，雇一群形形色色的奴隶和自由演员，并管理面具和道具以及可能会用到的几只长笛。
Thank you Thought Bubble.
谢谢思想泡泡。
While actors in post classical Greece had improved their status, the same thing definitely couldn't be said of actors in Rome.
虽然后古希腊时期演员的地位有所提升，但是罗马时期的演员地位肯定不高。
Acting was not a respectable thing to do. Actors couldn't vote.
演戏并不是一件体面的事，演员们是没有投票权的。
They couldn't serve in the military. They couldn't hold office.
他们不能在军队服役，也无法担任公职。
And if they gave a bad performance, they could be punished possibly by death.
而且他们表现不好的话还有可能会被处以死刑。
Interestingly at some point, probably in the 1st or 2nd century BCE, actors stopped wearing masks and costumes became much more elaborate.
有趣的是，或许是在公元前1世纪或者公元前2世纪的时候，演员们不再戴面具，服装也变得更加精致。
There weren't any choruses anymore, but there was a lot more music.
没有合唱，但音乐更多了。
As much as 2/3 of any given play may have been set to music.
一场戏剧下来三分之二都是配乐。
Permanent theaters weren't built in Rome until 55 BCE which seems late, in fact, it's about a hundred years after heyday of Roman dramatic literature.
罗马在公元前55年才建造了常驻剧院，可能有些晚了，其实，那时罗马戏剧文学的全盛时期已经过去一百年了。
And even then, this first theater built by Pompey also included a temple, probably as an attempt to legitimize it.
即使在那时，庞培(罗马将军)所建造的第一家剧院里也有神殿，大概是为了让剧院合法化。
Before that temporary wooden structures were used.
在使用临时木结构之前。
Roman theaters were architecturally different from Greek theaters in that the "skene", now called the "skene", had to become bigger and was now joined with the walls of the auditorium.
罗马剧院在建筑上不同于希腊剧院，因为“(古希腊剧院三面结构的)舞台景屋”，现在读“skene(读法不同)”，必须更大，现在和观众席的墙壁相连。
The sky nephrons—the front of the building could be quite elaborate and may have hosted rudimentary scenery.
建筑前的布景相当精致，或许保留了原始的舞台布景。
For some context though let's end all this talk about theatre by talking about not theatre.
不管怎样，我们来谈论一些“不是剧院的”话题来我们结束“谈论剧院”的话题。
What was Roman performance competing with?
罗马的戏剧演出是为了什么？
Roman plays like Greek plays were performed at festivals.
罗马戏剧和希腊戏剧一样都是在节日的时候表演。
But these festivals were different. It wasn't so much about colonies pouring out tribute or honoring the children of fallen soldiers.
但是罗马的节日和希腊的节日不同，罗马的节日不会涉及很多“殖民地上缴贡品”或者“表彰阵亡士兵的孩子”此类的事情。
If we take one example, the Ludi Florales which honored a prostitute goddess.
比如纪念堕落之神的“Ludi Florales”节日。
It was more about watching naked female mimes and copulating goats.
这个节日更多的是欣赏“裸体女演员表演哑剧”以及“山羊的交配”。
"Who needs theater?" is what a lot of the audience thought.
“看戏剧有个嘛用”，很多观众都这么想。
There are several speeches in comedies telling the audience that they have to sit down and keep still and pay attention.
喜剧里有一些台词告诉观众，他们必须坐下来、保持安静并集中注意力。
This might've been hard. Because instead of seeing a play you could go and watch a sea battle or a prisoner being fed to a lion or jugglers and acrobats.
这可能很难做到，因为你完全可以用这个时间去看一场海战，或者看一个囚犯被狮子吃掉、看一场杂技演员的表演。
When Tyrants debuted his play Hecya in 165 BCE, the audience left so that they could go and check out the rope dancers.
蒂凡兹在公元前165年首次上演他的戏剧《赫基亚》时，观众们都跑去看那些走钢索的演员了。
Why do we have that piece of information, and not like most plays of the time?
为什么会这样，这不像那个时代戏剧身上会发生的事情？
So what's different about Roman theatre isn't so much the content which borrows unapologetically from post classical Greek theater.
所以罗马戏剧的不同之处并不是“它的内容毫不客气地窃取了后期古希腊戏剧”。
And more the context performance is no longer an important civic right or a celebration of unique artistic prowess.
更重要的是，表演不再是一项重要的公民权利，也不再是对独特的艺术功能的颂扬。
For the most part is just another piece of entertainment, a little classier than copulating goats.
在很大程度上它只是另一种娱乐方式罢了，比交配的山羊稍微优雅些。
Just like Crash Course.
就像速成班一样。
Thanks for watching and until next time.
感谢收看，下一期再见。
Curtain.
闭幕！
