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You know how some videos can be super disorienting, like if whoever's holding the camera just can't keep their hand steady?
你知道怎么能让视频失去方向感，比如拿着相机手保持颤抖，
Or maybe you've seen the Blair Witch Project in all of its shaky cam glory.
或者可能你已经看过《女巫布莱尔》里摇摇晃晃的镜头。
Having your vision move around a lot can get downright nauseating.
视力经常移动会让你感到恶心。
But also, your eyes move all the time to get a complete picture of what's going on in front of you.
眼球不断转动以便全面了解眼前发生的一切。
So why doesn't day-to-day life feel like a poorly-calibrated first-person video game?
那么，为什么日常生活感觉就像一款没有校准的第一人称视频游戏？
Well, your eyes and brain cover up that mess by doing some really weird stuff—even changing how you perceive time.
眼睛和大脑通过做一些非常奇怪的事情来掩盖这一切，甚至改变你对时间的感知。
Your eyes move a lot.
眼球经常在转动。
Like, you might notice just how quickly they jump around when you're reading.
比如，你可能会注意到阅读时眼睛跳跃得有多快。
Scientists call those jumps saccades.
科学家称之为扫视。
Each one can take up to a hundred milliseconds, depending on how far your eyes need to turn.
眼球每次转动都需要100毫秒，这取决于转的幅度。
But instead of showing you blurry motion all the time, your brain kind of just skips those moments.
但是，大脑并没有一直向你展示模糊的运动，而是跳过了模糊的瞬间。
One way psychologists know this is because of a certain kind of vision experiment.
心理学家知道这一点是因为某种视觉实验。
If you time the movement of the object to be exactly during a saccade, people have a hard time noticing.
如果精确计算扫视过程中物体运动时间的话，人们很难注意到。
One study asked people to flip a switch when they saw an image jump while having their eyes tracked.
一项研究要求人们看到图像时拨动开关，同时对眼球进行追踪。
The researchers found that if the image jumped about 10 milliseconds after the start of a saccade,
研究人员发现，如果图像在扫视开始10毫秒后跳转，
people didn't notice—as long as their eye movement was about 3 times bigger than the image's movement.
人们不会注意到，眼球的运动大约是原来的3倍人们才会注意。
Other studies had people move their eyes to focus on an array of dots that appeared in their peripheral vision.
其它研究：转动眼球，专注于视觉中周边一系列的点。
If the pattern of those dots changed during the saccade, the participants had trouble noticing the change.
如果在扫视过程中这些点的模式发生了变化，参与者就很难注意到变化。
But if the participants kept their eyes still and the dots moved to where they were looking, they noticed a pattern change more frequently.
但是如果保持眼球不动，并且这些点移动到注视的地方，参与者就会注意到模式变化更频繁。
You can sort of test this yourself, too.
你也可以自己测试一下。
Just look in a mirror and move your eyes—you'll never actually see your eyes in motion.
只要照照镜子，转动眼睛——你永远不会看到眼球在动。
All of this is the study of transsaccadic memory,
这些都是对眼跳记忆的研究，
which is basically your brain's short-term storage of all the visual information it's taking in to form a complete picture of the world, like puzzle pieces.
基本上来说是大脑对所有视觉信息的短期存储，就像拼图游戏一样，形成了一幅完整的世界图景。
Your brain doesn't just leave a hole in your vision during saccades.
扫视过程中，大脑不会在视觉上留下一个漏洞，
It fills in that gap in with what's around it, chronologically.
而按时间顺序填补了周围的空白。
And what's really weird is that seems to draw more from what you see right after the jump.
而奇怪的是，你似乎在跳跃之后从看到的情况中得出了更多的结论。
I'll let that sink in.
我会弄清楚的。
How can your brain show you things that are happening in the future, even if it's just a fraction of a second?
大脑如何展示未来哪怕只是一瞬间发生的事情？
Well, it has to do with the fact that you don't process things instantaneously.
这与你不需要瞬间处理的事实有关。
Your brain filters everything that your senses detect.
大脑会过滤感官所觉察到的一切。
And your sense of time passing can also change based on what you're doing and focused on.
你对时间的概念也会随着你在做什么、关注着什么而有所变化。
This is an illusion called chronostasis, which means "stopping time" in Greek.
我们称之为时停错觉，在希腊语中的意思是“时间停止”。
You can see it yourself if you've got a watch with a ticking second hand.
如果你手表的秒针滴答作响，你就会明白。
If you look away from the watch and then back, sometimes the second hand will seem to pause for a little bit too long before ticking again.
如果你把目光从手表上移开，然后再看向手表，有时秒针似乎会停顿太久，然后又滴答作响。
Basically, there seems to be a tiny delay between your eyes receiving light information from the watch and your conscious visual perception of the watch.
基本上来说，眼睛接收到来自手表的光线信息和你对手表产生视觉感知意识之间似乎有一个微小的延迟。
When you've got a saccade to fill, it's like your brain puts a rush order on the next bit of information from your eyes—that's the "seeing the future" part.
快速浏览时，就像是大脑对眼睛看到的下一个信息下了一个紧急命令——即“预知”部分。
And then it rests for a second.
然后休息一会儿。
Well, not a whole second. Part of a second.
嗯，没到一秒钟。
In some studies of the chronostasis illusion, subjects had their eyes tracked.
在一些关于时停错觉的研究中，追踪受试者的眼睛。
When they focused on a specific point on a screen, a 4 second timer started.
当他们专注于屏幕上的某个特定点时，开始4秒倒计时。
But here's the catch: that timer would vary how long it would display the first number by a few hundred milliseconds.
但关键在于：计时器在显示第一个数字需要的时间上各不相同，差几百毫秒。
Then subjects were asked whether that first number was displayed for a longer or shorter time than the rest.
然后，受试者被问及第一个数字的显示时间是否比其它数字长或短。
And the researchers found that they could shorten that first second by about 120 milliseconds on average before people would say it seemed shorter.
研究人员发现，在说出第一秒似乎更短之前，他们平均将第一秒缩短约120毫秒。
In other words, people were overestimating how long that first second took by about 120 milliseconds.
换句话说，人们把第一秒所花的时间高估了约120毫秒。
Their mind's eye was holding onto that image of a number 1 just a little longer.
他们盯着数字1的图像看了一会儿。
So… kind of like time travel! We don't have a complete biological explanation for this phenomenon.
有点像时间旅行！对于这种现象，我们没有一个完整的生物学解释。
It's hard to get deep into the visual systems of living humans, and monkeys and rats can't exactly report their perception of time.
很难深入了解人类的视觉系统，也无法准确道明猴子和老鼠对时间的感知。
But we know that the illusion happens whether a person voluntarily moves their eyes or does it reflexively because something appears in their peripheral vision.
但我们知道，无论是主动移动眼球，还是因为周边视觉中出现了什么东西而反射性地移动眼球，视觉都会产生。
This suggests it's a very low-level process in the brain.
说明这在大脑中是一个非常低级的过程。
Researchers think it could be part of a signal coming from the superior colliculus,
研究人员认为部分信号可能来自上丘，
which is a brain region involved in processing vision and unconscious movement of your eyes.
上丘是一个大脑区域，涉及处理视力和眼球的无意识运动。
But this is really just a guess based on what seems to fit the data we have so far.
但这只是我们根据目前所掌握数据的猜测。
And, to make things even more complicated, the chronostasis illusion doesn't just happen with vision.
而且，更复杂的是，时停错觉不仅仅针对于视觉。
People have similar experiences with other senses, like touch or hearing.
其他感官，比如触觉或听觉，也有类似的经历。
Like, in experiments kind of like that timer study where participants reach and grab a vibrating handle,
在类似于计时器的实验中，参与者伸手抓住振动的把手，
they overestimate how long it vibrates at different frequencies after they make contact.
抓住之后参与者高估了把手以不同频率振动的时间。
Or people will overestimate the length of a period of silence if tones [tone on left] switch from one ear [tone on right] to the other.
或者音调[左边的音调]从一只耳朵[右边的音调]切换到另一只耳朵无声的时间。
So scientists have a bit of a mystery to unravel when it comes to time-stopping illusions.
因此，当涉及到时停错觉时，科学家们要解开一些谜。
At the very least, we know that our perception of time isn't consistent—maybe to help make the world a little less disorienting.
至少，我们知道了人们对时间的感知并不一致——也许是为了帮助让这个世界少一点迷惑。
But no need to break out the flux capacitors or the failsafe machines just yet.
但现在还不需要打开焊剂电容器或故障安全装置。
Thanks for learning about these brain mysteries with us here at SciShow Psych, and thanks especially to our patrons on Patreon.
感谢您和我们一起学习大脑的奥秘，也特别感谢Patreon对本节目的支持。
If you want to support us as we make all these videos and share how fascinating our universe is, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果您想支持我们的节目并分享我们奇妙世界里一些好玩的事情，可以访问 patreon.com/scishow。
