评论
打印
Unsurprisingly, your face does a lot to communicate how you're feeling.
毋庸置疑，面部表情能很好地传达你的感受。
Whether you're happy about seeing your crush or shocked at the plot twist in a TV show,
不管你是喜于见到自己喜欢的人，还是惊于电视节目中曲折的情节，
it probably shows.
没准，面部表情已经表露无遗。
Unless you're like, a star poker player.
除非你是扑克玩家。
What's more surprising is that, according to some research,
更令人惊讶的是，根据一些研究，
your facial expressions are also a two-way street.
面部表情也是双向的。
The idea is known as the facial feedback hypothesis,
其被称为“面部反馈假说”，
and it says that your expressions can change the emotions you experience.
它表示，表情可以改变情绪。
So if you're having a crummy day, supposedly turning that frown upside-down will make you feel better.
所以，如果你今天过得很糟糕，按理说你把皱眉翻过来，感觉会更好一点。
It sounds great, but whether or not it's true is up for some debate.
这听起来很不错，但真实与否还有待商榷。
Many researchers over the years have tried to find out,
多年来，许多研究人员一直试图找出证据，
and the tale of their work is a great story of science in action.
得经过大量的科学实践，才能找出证据。
The idea behind the facial feedback hypothesis is based on one of your senses,
面部反馈假说是基于你的其中一种感觉，
called proprioception.
该感觉叫作本体感觉，
It provides information on what your muscles and joints are doing and their positions relative to each other,
通过本土感觉，你知道你的肌肉和关节在做什么，及其相对位置的信息，
so you don't need to look to know where, say, your left foot is.
所以你不需要看就知道你的左脚在哪里。
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, your facial expressions are just another extension of this.
根据面部反馈假说，面部表情只是上面情况的另一种延伸。
They're also important information and can make your emotions stronger or weaker,
面部表情也很重要，可以增强或者弱化你的情绪，
or maybe even cause them.
或者甚至会产生情绪。
Research into this really started in the 1970s,
这方面的研究始于20世纪70年代，
and it has been a tricky road.
研究的道路上充满坎坷。
Experiment participants were typically asked to make different facial expressions,
受试者通常被要求
often by contracting certain muscles, like turning up the corners of their mouths.
收缩某些肌肉，比如嘴角上扬，做出不同的面部表情。
Then researchers measured their emotions through their body's reactions to things like electric shocks—really!
然后研究人员通过他们的身体对事情的反应，比如触电，来测量他们的情绪——真的！
—or by rating their mood.
或者给他们的情绪评级。
But the big problem is, we know what emotions go with smiling or frowning.
但最大的问题是，我们知道微笑或皱眉会伴随着什么样情绪。
So people might have just been saying they felt happy when they were obviously smiling because…
所以，当他们明显在笑的时候，人们可能会说他们感到快乐，因为……
well, that's what you're supposed to do.
好吧，你应该会这样说。
Maybe asking people to smile is what mattered, not the actual expression.
也许问题的症结在于让人们微笑，而不是实际表情。
Then, in 1988, a paper came out in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that figured out this problem,
1988年，《人格与社会心理学杂志》发表了一篇论文指出了该问题，
and its results have been included in many intro psych textbooks.
许多介绍心理学的教材都引入了该研究结果。
In a series of two experiments,
其中两个实验，
researchers had 175 university students hold a pen in their mouth while trying to do some simple writing and drawing tasks.
研究人员让175名大学生尝试做一些简单的写作和绘画任务，嘴里衔着一支笔。
They were told scientists were interested in
他们被告知，科学家们有兴趣
learning more about what these tasks might be like for people with physical impairments.
了解更多关于这些任务对身体有缺陷人士的影响。
But the researchers actually wanted to study the participants' emotions.
但研究人员实际上想研究参与者的情绪。
See, holding the pen between their teeth,
看，把笔夹在牙缝里，
it made their mouth form a smile.
让他们的嘴做出微笑的样子。
And between their lips, a sort of pout.
他们的嘴唇有一种撅嘴的感觉。
But the key was, participants didn't realize their faces were making these expressions,
但关键是，参与者没有意识到自己的面部表情，
so they couldn't bias any results.
所以他们不会偏向于任何结果。
Later, when they were asked to rate some comics,
后来，当他们被要求对一些漫画做出评价时，
subjects tended to report they were funnier if they'd made the smiling face.
受试者声称，他们做出笑脸的时候会觉得自己更有趣。
And since they didn't know they'd been smiling, it seemed like expression itself really affected things.
由于他们不知道自己一直在微笑，似乎表情本身真的影响了情绪。
Of course, in the years since, many scientists also questioned the accuracy of this study.
当然，之后的几年里，许多科学家也质疑过该研究的准确性。
Because welcome to research.
因为他们做过该研究。
In a 2016 paper, 17 research groups from around the world came together to try to replicate it,
2016年的一篇论文中，来自世界各地的17个研究小组聚集在一起试图复制该研究，
each running the study almost exactly like the original and testing close to 1900 participants.
每个人的研究结果与初始结果几乎完全相同，接近1900名参与者接受了测试。
Except, they couldn't find the effect.
但是，他们没有发现该效应的存在。
But that didn't necessarily mean the classic study was wrong.
但这并不意味着经典研究有错。
As it turns out, the study and the replication might both be correct.
事实证明，经典研究和复制研究可能都是正确的。
See, a big part of science is that one research study seldom proves or disproves anything.
看，科学的一个重要部分就是一项研究很少去证明或否定任何事情。
Each just offers evidence that needs to be evaluated and critiqued.
每一个都只是在提供评估和批评所需的证据。
The heart of science is to test things over and over in new ways,
科学的核心是采用新的方法反复试验，
revising our ideas as we learn more.
当我们学到的东西更多，我们的想法就得到了修正。
The goal of the replication study was to figure out whether having people hold pens in their mouths
复制研究的目的是弄清楚是否让人们把笔含在嘴里
and rate comics was a good way to test the facial feedback hypothesis.
而评价漫画是测试面部反馈假说的好方法。
Because they failed to find the same results,
因为他们未能找到和最初研究相同的结果，
it seemed the original study's results might have happened just by chance or some other factor.
最初研究的结果似乎可能只是因为偶然或者其他的一些原因。
Except, they missed a pretty big detail, which one of the original researchers and others pointed out later.
不过，他们漏掉了一个相当大的细节，最初研究的人员和其他人后来指出了这一点。
In the original 1980s experiment, people weren't watched while they did the tasks.
20世纪80年代最初的实验中，人们在做任务时没有被监视。
But in the replication,
但在复制研究的过程中，
they were recorded by a video camera so researchers could check if they held the pens correctly.
他们采用了摄像机，以便研究人员检查这些人是否拿对了笔。
It makes sense to want to check that, but psychology research has also shown that
想要检查这一点是有道理的，但心理学研究也表明，
we tend to react differently when we're watched, including in how much we pay attention to what's going on inside our minds.
在被监视的时候，我们的反应会有所不同，包括我们对内心想法的注意程度
And that likely interrupted the effect.
而这很可能会中断该效应。
Other researchers specifically tested this in 2018 and found that,
2018年，其他研究人员专门对此进行了测试，发现，
with their nearly 200-person sample, this simple difference made a big impact.
在近200人受试者中，这个简单的差异产生了巨大的影响。
When participants had a camera recording them,
当用摄像机记录这200人的时候，
the facial feedback effect didn't happen.
面部反馈效应没有发生。
But when there was no camera, it did.
但是没有相机的时候，面部反馈效应却存在着。
This means the original and the replication might both be right.
这意味着最初的研究和后来进行的研究可能都是正确的。
And it goes to show that we shouldn't always be quick to judge when a new study comes out.
这表明，我们不应该总是对新的研究结果快速做出判断。
But what does this mean for you?
但这对你而言意味着什么呢？
Do your facial expressions actually do anything?
面部表情真的会产生作用吗?
Well, probably.
好吧，也许。
Today, lots of research has been done using various techniques,
如今，很多研究都采用不同的技术，
and a lot of it does support the facial feedback hypothesis.
很多人支持面部反馈假说。
This idea is even being used to create some new treatments.
人们甚至用它来开发一些新的治疗方法。
Like, one 2017 study found that unknowingly smiling seemed to stop food cravings in 61 young women,
比如，2017年的一项研究发现，在61名年轻女性中，不自觉的微笑似乎能阻止她们对食物的渴望。
especially those prone to emotional eating.
这在那些容易情绪化进食的人身上尤其明显。
And a few studies over the last decade have found that
过去十年的研究发现
injecting botox into frown lines might actually decrease depression symptoms.
在皱纹里注射肉毒杆菌实际上可以减轻抑郁症状。
But before you call your doctor, as always, more research is needed.
但在你打电话给你的医生之前，一如既往，还需要更多的研究。
For now, the most we can say is that the evidence is promising—and that's okay.
就目前而言，我们最多只能说证据是有说服力的——这是可以接受的。
Psychology is inherently full of unanswered questions,
心理学本身就充满了未解之谜，
and sometimes the answers aren't as straightforward as you want them to be.
有时候答案并不像你想的那么简单。
But hey, people are pretty complex, too.
但是，人类本身也是一个复杂的体系。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感谢收看心理科学秀节目。
We love exploring what makes our minds work and how all those things shape who we are and what we do.
我们喜欢探索人类大脑的工作原理，以及所有这些对我们是谁，我们做什么如何产生影响。
If you'd like to keep learning with us,
如果你想和我们一起学习
you can watch another one of our episodes or go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
你可以观看我们的另一集节目，或者订阅youtube.com/scishowpsych。
