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Hopefully, by now we all know that depression is about more than sadness.
好在现在我们都知道抑郁不仅仅是悲伤的情绪。
But even if your idea of depression also includes things like hopelessness or apathy,
虽然你认为抑郁症包括绝望或冷漠，
what about irritability or anger?
但是易怒和愤怒也属于抑郁症吗?
Does depression make you think of overwhelming guilt?
抑郁症会让你觉得内疚吗?
What about memory loss? Because those are all symptoms, too.
抑郁会让你的记忆力下降吗？因为这些也属于抑郁症状。
There's a lot we still don't understand about depression,
关于抑郁症我们还有很多不了解的地方，
especially when it comes to what's happening on the cellular level.
尤其是细胞水平。
But we know that when it comes to the experience of depression,
但是我们所知道的抑郁症，
the disorder often shows itself in the form of unhealthy psychological processes.
通常以不健康的心理形式出现。
It turns out that some of those thought processes— specifically, self-blame and rumination
事实证明，一些思维过程——特别是自责和沉思
— can lead to symptoms people might not realize are signs of depression.
——会导致抑郁症，人们意识不到，但也属于抑郁症的症状
And that's too bad, because the result is that we misunderstand those who are suffering from it,
太糟糕了，因为我们会误解抑郁症患者，
sometimes including ourselves.
有时也包括我们自己。
Freud, wrong as he was about a lot of things, pointed out that depression was different from simple sadness
弗洛伊德指出抑郁区别于单纯的悲伤，尽管他在很多事情上错了，
because it was associated with guilt, and today psychologists consider self-blame a key symptom of depression.
因为抑郁与内疚有关，现今，心理学家认为自责是抑郁症的主要症状。
When something bad happens, depressed people tend to blame themselves,
当不好的事情发生时，抑郁症患者会责怪自己，
and see it as a reflection of their self-worth as a whole.
并把整件事看作是自我价值的反映。
An example researchers sometimes use is thinking that if you fail at a sports match,
研究人员有时使用的例子是，如果你在体育比赛中失利，
it means you're a total failure.
你会认为自己是个彻底的失败者。
What's weird is that this only applies to yourself —
奇怪的是，这种情况只适用于自己——
depressed people don't usually assign blame to others the same way.
抑郁的人通常不会以同样的方式责怪别人。
Turns out the unusual amount of guilt — and only applying it to yourself —
事实证明，这种不寻常的负罪感——只适用于自己——
might come from two regions of the brain that don't activate together the way they should.
可能来自大脑的两个区域，这两个区域不会以应有的方式激活。
In a 2012 study, researchers scanned the brains of 25 people who'd previously had depression and 22 people who didn't.
2012年的一项研究中，研究人员扫描了25名过去曾患有抑郁症和22名没有患抑郁症人的大脑。
When the people who'd never been depressed read descriptions of themselves doing something wrong,
未患过抑郁症的人读到自己做错的事时，
it activated both the part of their brain associated with guilt and the part that deals with morality and what's socially appropriate.
大脑中与负罪感、道德以及社交适当性相关的部分就会被激活。
In people who'd been depressed, that second part wasn't activated as strongly.
抑郁症患者的第二部分没有被强烈激活。
This was a small study, so we can't draw too many conclusions from it.
研究规模小，所以我们无法从中得出太多结论。
But based on the results,
但是根据研究结果，
the authors suggested that people who are more prone to depression don't get an accurate picture of what they did wrong,
作者认为，那些有抑郁症倾向的人对他们做错的事没有一个正确的认识
so they just feel guilty about everything.
所以他们对一切都感到内疚。
So that's one unhealthy thought pattern that can cause symptoms beyond plain old sadness or apathy.
这是一种不健康的思维模式，抑郁症状不仅仅表现为普通的悲伤或冷漠。
Another is rumination.
还表现为沉思。
And it's a big one. Rumination is, basically, brooding — usually unintentionally.
这是一个大问题，沉思从根本上来说就是难以释怀——通常是无意识的。
Part of problem-solving involves analyzing the factors surrounding the problem,
还需要分析问题产生的相关因素，
and that applies to negative emotional experiences, too.
这也适用于消极的情绪体验。
But rumination takes that way too far.
但是沉思对人们的情绪影响太大了
It's getting stuck thinking about everything that led to and resulted from a negative experience,
人们会陷入所有对消极事情原因和结果的思考，
and it's strongly linked to both depression and anxiety.
沉思与抑郁和焦虑密切相关，
It can also explain some of the less straightforward signs of depression, like memory problems.
还可以解释一些不太明确的抑郁症状，比如记忆问题。
Of all the symptoms of depression, memory problems might seem the most surprising,
所有的抑郁症状中，记忆问题似乎是最令人讶异的，
because we tend to classify depression as emotional,
因为我们往往把抑郁视为情绪化，
and memory as more a mechanical part of the mind.
记忆更像是大脑的一个机械部件。
But this is just a false dichotomy, that's not how the brain works.
但这只是错误二分法，大脑的工作原理不是这样。
Depressive disorders often include problems with cognitive function:
忧郁性疾患包括认知功能障碍：
the ability to clearly understand, process, and respond to information.
理解透彻、处理和回复信息的能力。
And researchers think that has a lot to do with rumination eating up all your brainpower.
研究人员认为，该问题与沉思反刍吞噬人的全部脑力有关。
You need cognitive resources to pay attention and remember things,
你需要认知资源来帮助你集中注意力和记住事物，
and when people with depression are using those resources to brood,
当抑郁症患者利用这些资源沉思时，
they have trouble redirecting them toward the task at hand.
他们很难重新集中到手头任务上来。
They end up struggling with episodic memory,
最终身陷情景记忆而无法自拔，
which is the recollection of specific events that happened to you, and working memory,
情景记忆是指发生在你身上特定事件的回忆以及工作记忆，
which is how you hold onto information that you're currently using to process other information.
你如何通过现有信息来处理其他信息
Those are both pretty important!
这些都相当重要！
It becomes a vicious cycle, where the only way to break out of this pattern of rumination is to
它会形成恶性循环，打破这种沉思模式的唯一方法就是
redirect your mental resources toward something that might make you feel better.
将你的精神资源转向可能让你感觉更好的事情上。
But that's exactly what rumination makes it so much harder to do!
但这正是沉思让这件事难以做到的地方
So people get stuck.
所以人们会陷入窘境。
Rumination can also lead to another common symptom of depression: anger and irritability,
沉思也会导致另一个抑郁症常见症状：愤怒和易怒，
which appears in more than half of patients, although it's only used to diagnose the disorder in kids and teens.
超过一半的患者会出现这种症状，尽管这种症状只用来诊断儿童和青少年。
But it can be a sign of particularly severe depression.
但可能特别严重。
At its core, rumination is a coping strategy people use to help regulate their emotions— it's just not a very good one.
从本质上讲，沉思是人们用来帮助调节情绪的一种应对策略——策略并不是很好。
Instead of feeling better, when people brood on something that made them angry,
当人们对一些生气的事情耿耿于怀的时候，
they tend to spend more time … angry.
往往花更多的时间…生气。
We still have more to learn about how unhealthy thought patterns like self-blame and rumination contribute to depression and its symptoms.
我们还需要了解不健康的思维模式，比如自责和沉思，是如何导致抑郁及抑郁症的。
But as we study them, we're discovering that they can explain a lot.
研究时，我们发现自责和沉思可以用来解释很多东西。
And there's some good news here, too.
也有一些好消息。
Self-blame may have to do with brain regions not activating the way they should,
自责可能与大脑区域没有以应有的方式激活有关，
and rumination may feel like getting stuck.
而沉思可能会让你陷入窘境。
But researchers point out that unhealthy thought patterns like these are exactly what psychotherapy is meant to help with.
但研究人员指出，心理疗法治疗的正式这种不健康的思维模式。
Cognitive behavioral therapy, especially, is designed to identify the connections between thought patterns and behaviors,
尤其是认知行为疗法，旨在识别思维模式和行为之间的联系，
and reshape those thought patterns in a healthier way.
以更健康的方式重塑这些思维模式。
So yes, depression is a complicated, difficult illness.
所以，抑郁症是一种难以治愈的复杂疾病。
But there are therapies and treatments that can help.
但是有一些疗法和治疗可以帮助人们摆脱抑郁症。
And recognizing the different ways depression manifests itself is an important step toward getting that help and doing this research.
认识到抑郁的不同表现方式是帮助和展开这项研究的重要一步。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感谢收看本期的心理科学秀。
If you're interested in learning more about the science of depression,
如果您有兴趣了解更多关于抑郁症的科学知识，
you can check out our video on common misconceptions about antidepressants.
可以观看我们关于抗抑郁药物常见误解的视频。
And don't forget to subscribe!
别忘了订阅我们的节目哦！
