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This is the brain bank where scientist are studying a traumatic brain injury called chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE.
这是大脑库，研究人员在这里研究一种名叫“慢性创伤性脑病变”的创伤性脑损伤。
It's caused by collisions that push the brain around inside the skull.
它是因大脑受到冲撞引起的。
The researchers study the brains of more than 100 professional college and high school football players.
研究人员对100多名高校和高中橄榄球运动员大脑进行了研究。
It goes forward. It accelerates and decelerates but it also goes rotationally
大脑受到撞击后会向前倾，会加速或者减速，还可以旋转，
and that causes the brain inside the skull to actually elongate and stretch
导致颅骨内的大脑伸长和拉伸，
and that's stretching puts a lot of physical force on the individual nerve cells especially the neurons and the axons.
这种拉伸对单个神经细胞造成了损害，特别是神经元和轴突。
Every collision pulls apart the Tau proteins that form a skeleton around a neuron. The more hits，the greater the damage.
每次撞击都会让Tau蛋白分离，这种蛋白是神经元细胞骨架成分，碰撞得越多，损伤越大。
McKee's team found evidence of CTE in all, but one of the brains of the 111 NFL players she studied,
麦基对111名橄榄球大联盟球员进行了研究，发现除了一例不存在CTE以外，其余运动员都存在CTE，
in 90% of the college players and 20% of the high school players.
大学生占90%，高中生占20%。
Under abnormal circumstances, like after trauma, when the nerve cells are damaged,
在异常情况下比如说创伤，当神经细胞受损以后，
when there's a force, a violent force and then there's stretching of the nerve cell, the Tau actually comes off the skeleton,
比如说外力，神经细胞会被拉伸，那么Tau蛋白就会从骨架上脱离，
it comes off the microtubules and it starts to clumping up just sort of in the bottom of the cell.
也就是脱离微管，之后在细胞底部开始堆积。
Those lesions may cause the memory loss and behavior, personality and mood changes like depression associated with the disease.
这些损伤可能导致记忆丧失，行为，性格和情绪变化，如抑郁症。
We can see spaces near the hippocampus which is a part of brain that's important for learning and for memory.
大家看海马体周边，这些区域对学习和记忆非常重要。
And we can see that there has been shrinkage there as well. To see this in such a young individual is quite startling.
你可以看到这有萎缩，这种现象发生在年轻人身上让我非常震惊。
McKee says helmet provides some protection, but that anyone using their head in sports is going to sustain some damage.
麦基说头盔提供了一些保护，但在体育运动中使用头部会造成一定损伤。
Helmets are part of the solution. They'll never be the dissolution for CTE.
头盔是一种办法，但它绝对不会完全杜绝CTE。
They may mitigate it. They may make it less likely, but it's always gonna be a risk once you have had head contact.
它可以让症状减轻，让患病几率降低，但只要运动中有头部接触，风险就会存在。
McKee and her team are now looking for ways to diagnose CTE before player dies and for drugs that might help treat the disease.
麦基和她的团队正在寻找在运动员死亡之前诊断CTE的方法，药物可能有助于治疗该疾病。
Kevin Enochs, VOA News.
美国之音，凯文·恩尼克斯报道。
