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If all the people alive on the earth today were hand in hand like this,

the line they would make would go much more than fifty times round the earth.

The line of people would go out to the moon and back five times.

It would be long enough to do that.

But there isn't a line of people which goes out to the moon and back.

And the people of the earth aren"t hand in hand; far from it!

That is why we said "were"(not "are")and "they would go"(not "they go")

We say: If the angles in this triangle are equal,

then the side will be equal.

But we say:

If the angles in this triangle were equal,

the side will be equal.

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People are not hand in hand,

but their minds today are being put increasingly into touch with one another through reading and writing and in many other ways.

We are in touch with other people everywhere through pictures of them.

Newspaper and television give us photographs of almost everything.

The faces of important people can be seen by the public everywhere.

Before 1800 nobody could take photographs.

Nobody had had the idea of using the konwledge of how light is bent by glass(See EP2,pp.103-103)to make picture.

Here is a camera which is taking a picture of a man.

You will see that the picture inside the camera is upside down.

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Another way in which people are getting to konw more about one another is through the radio.

Words were first sent from one place to another by telephone more than a hundred years ago.

A word can now go by telephone from the Atlantic to the Pacific in one-twelfth of a second.

A telephone needs wires ,

but the radio, which came into use almost one hundred years ago,

can send sounds any distance without wires.

Television (TV), which is one of the great new powers-for good or bad-of our time,

lets a public person talk to millions while they sit in their private homes seeing the person as if standing right there in front of them.

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But people can't know what any person is saying if they don't konw the language.

Up to a hundred years ago few people needed to learn foreign languages because not many people went into foreign countries.

Now, the need to learn other people's languages is becoming greater every day.

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Today millions of people,young and old,

go into foreign countries every years on business or for pleasure.

One can see babies in baskets being taken about by air every day.

That is a quicker way to get about than on one's mother's back.

Here is a woman who is carrying her baby on her back.

She carries the child with her wherever she goes.

In the last hundred years people have learnt to go over land and sea through the air as almost all birds and many insects can.

People are carried through the air in airplanes.

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Some birds have eyes which can see great distance,

and they have good hearing.

Some of them can hear sounds which we cannot hear.

But people have made themselves new ears and new eyes.

Today one can talk with a person at the other side of the earth by telephone.

Through the radio one can hear sounds which come through space from thousands of miles aways.

One can see through a telescope the mountains on the moon,

and,through a microscope ,thousands of living things in a drop of water.

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Hundreds of millions of people today can see and hear on television and the radio important statements by public people,

statement which in earlier times could have been heard by few.

It is a question whether at any time in history one has been able to be heard by millions of people at the same time.

Without the telephone, television and radio a person can only be heard as far as the voice can carry.

New instruments are making our homes less private and public men and women more public.

No one konws what will come of this.

One of the worst of effects is that singers who are no singers and noisemakers of every sort can be heard in too many places.

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Birds and many insects have wings.

It is their wings which take them up into the air.

The wings of birds have long feathers on them.

Their bones and the stems of their wing feathers are hollow.

This keeps them light.

Here is a bee.

Here is a beetle.

Here is a fly.

And here is a butterfly.

Bees,beetles and flies are insects.

There are very many different sorts of insects.

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people have been attempting for thousands of years to make wings that will let them fly like the birds.

Here is the picture of the first flying machine to take men into the sky,

made in 1903.

It did not fly very fast or very far.

Now airplanes can fly farther and faster than the fastest bird and can carry heavy weights through the air.

People can go faster than sounds in the newest planes.

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We can see why distances between people are not as important now as they were.

They may be bridged in so many ways.

What is a bridge?

Here is a wide river with a bridge over it.

The bridge is more than a mile long and is made of steel .

It can carry very heavy weights.

It is so strong that not only automobiles but trains go across it.

It is so high that great ships go under it.

Language is a bridge between minds,

a bridge so strong that train of thought can go across.

Language is a bridge distance.