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The community living within the castle complex was sometimes quite large, although numbers varied greatly depending on the place and period.
居住在堡垒建筑群内的社区有时相当大，尽管数量因地点和时期而有很大差异。
For example, the Templar Crusader castle of Safed in northern Israel, which was rebuilt around 1260, had a capacity for 2,200 soldiers in wartime and a permanent garrison in peacetime of 1,700 men.
例如，1260年左右重建的以色列北部的萨法德圣殿骑士十字军堡垒，战时可容纳2200名士兵，和平时期可容纳1700人的永久驻军。
On the other hand, in the 15th century, many castles run by Spanish military orders saw their communities dwindle to just one or two knights and a few servants.
另一方面，在15世纪，许多由西班牙军事团体管理的堡垒，其社区人数减少到只有一两名骑士和几名仆人。
Provided that they were far away from the border with al-Andalus, the area of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule, these castles had little to threaten them, and, therefore, little need for defenders.
如果这些堡垒远离穆斯林统治下的伊比利亚半岛的边界--安达卢斯，那就几乎没有什么威胁，因此也就不需要防御力量。
Even before this, in 1271, King James I of Aragon had authorized the warden of the strategic fortress of Biar in Alicante, on the border with Castile, to remain there with just 12 men, one woman, one mule, and three dogs.
甚至在更早的1271年，阿拉贡国王詹姆斯一世就授权阿利坎特与卡斯蒂利亚接壤的战略要塞比亚尔的守卫，只带12名男子、一名女子、一头骡子和三条狗留守。
Whether the castle community was large or small, its members needed space to live; to store food, water, and livestock; and to carry out domestic and artisanal activities.
无论堡垒社区是大是小，它的成员都需要居住的空间；储存食物、水和牲畜；并开展家政和手工活动。
The oldest fortresses, those located in volatile border areas, or those that had faced the vicissitudes of war were generally not very comfortable environments given their military emphasis.
那些最古老的堡垒，那些位于动荡的边境地区，或者那些经历过战争变迁的堡垒，由于其军事重点，通常环境不是很舒适。
Other castles, meanwhile, offered all kinds of comforts to their occupants, including latrines, cisterns, wells, hearths, kitchens, ovens, and, of course, chapels.
与此同时，其他堡垒为居住者提供了各种舒适设施，包括厕所、蓄水池、水井、壁炉、厨房、烤箱，当然还有小教堂。
As they served as centers for collecting feudal rents, generally paid in kind, some complexes had extensive storerooms for keeping these goods.
由于它们是收取封建租金--通常以实物支付--的中心，一些建筑群有大量的储藏室来存放这些货物。
It was not uncommon for castles to have their own bakeries, distilleries, and forges.
堡垒拥有自己的面包店、酿酒厂和锻造厂并不罕见。
Some major fortresses included large reception rooms, where kings, nobles, and prelates could flaunt their status.
一些主要的堡垒还有大型接待室，国王、贵族和高级教士可以在这里炫耀他们的地位。
While the furniture in these rooms tended to be austere, the decoration was elaborate.
虽然这些房间里的家具往往很简朴，但装饰却很精致。
The walls and ceilings were often adorned with paintings or hung with tapestries which, as well as being decorative, provided insulation from damp and drafts.
墙壁和天花板上经常装饰着画作或挂着挂毯，这些挂毯除了具有装饰性外，还能防潮和防风。
For over 500 years, medieval castles provided defense and bragging rights for their inhabitants.
500多年来，中世纪的堡垒为其居民提供了防御和炫耀的权利。
But by the 16th century, the development of modern artillery had rendered many medieval castles obsolete.
但到了16世纪，现代火炮的发展使许多中世纪堡垒变得过时了。
Cannonballs had the power to damage castle walls, making their design impractical and ineffective.
炮弹有破坏堡垒墙壁的能力，由此使它们的设计变得不切实际和无效。
Over time, the traditional castle design with high walls surrounding a stone keep perched high on a motte was slowly replaced by a new model of fortification built to withstand cannon fire.
随着时间的推移，传统的堡垒设计--高墙环绕着位于土丘高处的石砌堡垒，慢慢地被一种新的防御工事所取代，这种防御工事是为了抵御大炮的射击而建造的。
These new fortifications were cannon-proofed with bastions and thick angular walls that were sunk into the ground.
这些新的防御工事通过设置棱堡和厚实被埋入地下的倾斜墙壁来抵御炮火。
As for the existing castles, some were converted into palaces, lightly fortified residences with large windows knocked into the previously impenetrable walls, added facilities, and perhaps even gardens.
至于现存的堡垒，有些被改造成宫殿，这些宫殿是轻度防御的住宅，原本坚不可摧的墙壁上被敲出了大窗户，增加了设施，甚至可能还有花园。
The Alca?zar de Segovia in Spain, for example, was built as a fort in the 12th century and later became a palace for the Castilian monarchs.
例如，西班牙的塞哥维亚城堡是在12世纪作为堡垒建造的，后来成为卡斯蒂利亚君主的宫殿。
Many old castles, however, were abandoned.
然而，许多古老的堡垒被遗弃了。
In modern times, some have been converted into museums and monuments -- Caen Castle is now home to the Normandy museum, and Scarborough Castle, while in ruins, is a tourist attraction in North Yorkshire.
在现代，一些堡垒被改造成博物馆和纪念碑--卡昂城堡现在是诺曼底博物馆的所在地，而斯卡伯勒城堡虽然已成为废墟，但却是北约克郡的一个旅游景点。
Having withstood violent battles, technological advances, and the weight of several centuries, these crumbling but still majestic structures stand as silent witnesses to, and symbols of, an era in which they played a central role in the history of Europe.
在经历了激烈的战争、技术的进步和几个世纪的沧桑之后，这些破败但仍然雄伟的建筑，成为那个时代的无声见证和象征，它们在欧洲历史上发挥了核心作用。
