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经济速成班 第2课:经济体系和宏观经济

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Hi, I'm Adriene Hill. And I'm Mr. Clifford and welcome to Crash Course Economics.

大家好,我是埃德因·希尔。我是克利福德,欢迎收看经济学速成班。
Today we're going to focus on macroeconomics
今天我们将关注宏观经济学,
and talk about economic systems and the nations that really like them. Wink, wink.
谈谈经济体系和那些真正喜欢它们的国家。眨眼,眨眼。
"Economic systems and the nations that really like them. Wink, wink." What does that even mean?
“经济体系和那些真正喜欢它们的国家。眨眼,眨眼。”是什么意思?
I'm trying to come up with a spicy title for today's show.
我想为今天的节目想一个火爆的标题。
OK, try this one on. How about "economic systems and the nations that are 'attracted' to them?"
好吧,试试这个。“经济体系和被它们吸引的国家”怎么样?
No. No. Or when economic systems and nations "hook up."
不好,不好,当经济体系和国家“挂钩”时,
I don't even know what to say. Stan, roll the intro.
我就不知道该说什么了。斯坦,进入主题!
So to pick up where we left off, we all have wants.
继续我们的话题,我们都有需求。
Food, cell phones, a good education, a $10,000 gold Apple watch,
食物、手机、良好的教育、1万美元的苹果金表,
but like the Rolling Stones tell us, you can't always get what you want.
但正如滚石乐队所说,你并不总能得到你想要的。
We don't have an infinite amount of resources like raw materials, workers, and time, so we have to make choices.
我们没有无限的资源,比如原材料、工人和时间,所以我们不得不做选择。
Speaking of, eugh, who likes this? I'm gonna go change shirts. I'm gonna make another choice.
说到,呃,谁喜欢这个?我要去换衬衫。我要做另一个选择。
So this shirt, it's way better, right?
所以这件衬衫更好,对吧?
Anyway, we as a social order have to figure out three things.
无论如何,我们作为社会秩序的一员必须确定三件事:
Number one: what to produce, number two: how to produce it, and number three: who gets it.
第一:生产什么?第二:如何生产?第三:谁获得它?
Answer these three questions and you've got an economic system!
回答了这三个问题,你就有了一个经济体系。
There's a ton of backstory here about the history and evolution of economic thought;
我们有很多关于经济思想史和演变的背景故事,
we'll get to that in a future video.
会在以后的视频中讲到。
In today's video, we're gonna chat about the world today.
在今天的视频中,我们将讨论如今的世界。
Let's take a look at two different economic systems: market economies and planned economies.
我们来看两个不同的经济体系:市场经济和计划经济。
It all comes down to who owns and controls the factors of production.
这一切都归结于谁拥有和控制生产要素。
These are the major inputs required to produce stuff
这些是生产所需的主要投入,
and Karl Marx classified them as land, labor, and capital.
卡尔·马克思将其分为土地、劳动力和资本。
He even wrote a book about it, Das Kapital.
他甚至还写了一本《资本论》的书来论述它。
In a planned economy, the government controls the factors of production,
在计划经济中,政府控制生产要素,
and it's easy to assume that's the same thing as communism or socialism but that's not quite right.
我们很容易认为它和共产主义或社会主义是一回事,但这并不完全正确。
According to Karl Marx, "The theory of communism may be summed up in the single sentence: abolition of private property."
根据马克思所说,“共产主义理论可以用一句话来概括:废除私有财产。”
So true Communism is a classless society.
所以真正的共产主义是一个无阶级的社会。
When I say classless, I'm talking about a social order
当我说无阶级时,我指的是社会秩序,
where everyone owns the factors of production and output is distributed equally.
即每个人都拥有生产要素,产出平均分配。
Kind of like China, and Cuba and the former Soviet Union, except not at all.
这有点儿像中国、古巴和前苏联,除此之外都不是。
In practice, no country has ever been truly communist.
在实践中,没有一个国家能做到真正的共产主义。
There's a lot of countries that are socialist.
很多国家都是社会主义国家。
Often, socialism has both private property and some public ownership and control of industry.
社会主义往往既有私有财产,也有公有制和工业控制。
The goal is to meet specific collective objectives
我们的目标是实现具体的集体目标,
and to provide free and easy access to things like education and healthcare.
并为教育和医疗服务等提供免费简单的通道。
In both communism and socialism, there is economic planning, and the government,
在共产主义和社会主义中,都有经济计划和政府,
usually in the form of some bureaucratic agency, helps decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it.
通常是以官僚机构的形式,帮助国家决定生产什么、如何生产以及谁获得产品。
Now if an economy is completely controlled by the government,
如果经济完全由政府控制,
down to the number of shoes that should be produced, that's called a command economy.
以至于应该生产的鞋子数量都被控制,就是所谓的“指令性经济”。
On the other side of the spectrum, we have free market economies.
另一方面,我们有自由市场经济。
In free market or capitalist economies, individuals own the factors of production,
在自由市场或资本主义经济中,个人拥有生产要素,
and the government keeps its nose out of the stuff
政府不插手干预,
and adopts a laissez faire or hands-off approach to production, commerce, and trade.
并采取放任或不干涉的方式进行生产、商业和贸易。
In free market economies, businesses make things like cars,
在自由市场经济中,企业制造汽车之类的东西,
not to do good for mankind but because they want to make a profit.
不是为了造福人类,而是因为他们想赚钱。
Since consumers, that's me and you, get to choose which car we want,
由于消费者,也就是你我,可以选择我们想要的车,
car producers need to make a car with the right features at the right price.
那么汽车生产商需要以合理的价格生产一辆具有合适功能的汽车。
Economists call this the invisible hand. Oooooohhhh.
经济学家称之为“看不见的手”。噢噢。
If consumers prefer one company's car, that business will make more profit and have an incentive to produce more cars.
如果消费者更喜欢某家公司的汽车,那么该公司将获得更多利润,并有动力生产更多的汽车。
Car companies that don't offer the cars people want will disappear.
那些不能为人们提供所需汽车的公司将会消失。
Maybe you've heard of the DeLorean?
也许你听说过德洛雷安?
It was a cool looking car, but not a car that many people wanted to buy.
它很酷,但没有很多人想买。
Apparently it was expensive, underpowered, and poorly-made.
很明显,它昂贵、动力不足,而且粗制滥造。
And it didn't actually travel through time.
它驾驶的时间不长。
Anyway, this concept applies to all other markets, like cell phones or shoes.
不管怎样,这个概念适用于所有其他市场,比如手机或鞋子。
Scarce resources will go to the most desired use, and they'll be used efficiently, more or less.
稀缺资源将被用于最理想的用途,它们将或多或少地被有效利用。
After all, if a business is wasteful and inefficient or makes something that no one wants to buy,
毕竟,如果一个企业不经济和低效,或者生产一些没人想买的东西,
then some other business will make a similar product that's either better or cheaper or both.
那么其他公司会做一个类似的产品,比它们更好或更便宜,或者两者都有。
If there's no consumer demand for a product, resources won't be wasted producing it.
如果没有消费者对产品有需求,资源就不会被浪费。
We often take markets for granted, but look at the alternative.
我们常常把市场看做理所当然,但看看另一种选择。
Assume instead that a government agency was in charge of deciding exactly
假设一个政府机构负责正确决定
which types of cars and cell phones and shoes to make.
生产哪些类型的汽车、手机和鞋子。
Do you think they could quickly respond to changes in tastes and preferences?
你认为他们能很快对品味和偏好的变化做出反应吗?
If there was only one government monopoly producing cars,
如果只有一个政府垄断生产汽车,
do you think they'd be produced efficiently?
你认为它们会被高效地生产出来吗?
So the invisible hand of the free market is the idea
所以自由市场的无形之手包含的想法是
that individuals and businesses meet society's needs when they seek their own self-interest.
个人和企业寻求自身利益时,满足了社会的需要。
Competitive markets with profit-seeking businesses will have an incentive
竞争激烈的市场和追逐利润的企业将会有动机
to produce high-quality products as efficiently as possible.
尽可能高效地生产高质量的产品。
In the words of Adam Smith,
用亚当·斯密的话来说,
"It's not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner,
“这不是屠夫、啤酒生产商或者做出期待感爆棚晚餐的面包师的善行,
but from their regard to their own interest."
而是他们自己的利益驱使的。”
Now, it looks like the free market's perfect and we don't even need a government, but that's not quite right.
现在看来,自由市场是完美的,我们甚至不需要政府,但这并不完全正确。
There's a bunch of things the government must do, because free markets won't.
政府必须做很多事情,因为自由市场做不到。

循环.png

First, is maintain the rule of law.

第一,维护法治。
We need laws and police and contracts and courts to keep everything orderly.
我们需要法律、警察、合同和法庭来维持秩序。
Second, we need public goods and services, like roads and bridges and education and defense,
第二,我们需要公共产品和服务,比如道路、桥梁、教育和国防,
because goods can't get to consumers if bridges are falling down,
因为如果桥梁倒塌,货物无法到达消费者手中,
and consumers can't make good choices if they're not educated,
如果没有受过教育,消费者就不能做出好的选择,
and no one really cares about buying the new iPhone if there's a bomb dropping on your head.
如果你头上有颗炸弹,没人会在意买新iPhone
Third, the government sometimes needs to step in when markets get things wrong, but what does that even mean?
第三,当市场出现问题时,政府有时需要介入,但这到底意味着什么呢?
Well, let's go back to producing cars.
让我们回到生产汽车上。
The free market produces what we consumers want to buy,
自由市场产生了我们消费者想买的东西,
and when we buy, we're thinking about what a car looks like.
当我们买车时,想的是车的样子,
If it's the color we want, maybe if it's safe, what it costs.
它的颜色是不是我们想要的,它是否安全,它的成本是什么。
Most of us aren't worried about air pollution.
我们大多数人都不会担心空气污染。
We don't think much about who made our car, what they were paid, what the conditions at the factory were like;
我们不考虑谁制造了汽车,他们付了多少钱,工厂的条件是什么样的;
that's when government steps in to regulate production.
这就是政府要干预生产的时候。
In a free market economy like the United States,
在像美国这样的自由市场经济中,
you might think that the government doesn't tell car producers
你可能会认为政府不会告诉汽车生产商
what types of cars to produce and how to produce them, except that it does.
生产什么类型的汽车以及如何生产,但实际上它干预了。
Cars need to meet strict emissions and safety standards,
汽车需要达到严格的排放标准和安全标准,
and there are laws dictating how much manufacturers can pollute and how workers should be treated,
有法律规定制造商的污染量和工人的待遇,
and here's the big takeaway: modern economies are neither completely free market nor planned.
最重要的是:现代经济既不是完全的自由市场经济,也不是计划经济。
There's a spectrum of government involvement.
政府参与的范围很广。
For example, on one end we have North Korea.
例如,在一端,我们有北朝鲜,
They have a command economy where production is entirely controlled by the government.
他们有指令性经济,生产完全由政府控制。
On the other end, we have countries like New Zealand;
在另一端,我们有像新西兰这样的国家,
they have private property, few taxes, and few regulations.
他们有私有财产,很少有税收和规章制度。
In the middle, we have the rest of the world.
在中间,我们有世界的其他地方。
So most modern economies are actually mixed economies with both free markets and government intervention.
因此,大多数现代经济实际上是混合经济,既有自由市场,也有政府干预。
And a great way to explain a mixed economy is by looking at something called "the circular flow model."
一个解释混合经济的好方法是看一种叫做“循环流动模型”的东西。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
我们去看“Thought Bubble”。
A modern economy is made up of households, which are individuals like you and me, and businesses.
现代经济是由家庭组成的,它们是像你我这样的个人和企业。
Businesses sell goods and services to households in the product market,
企业向处于产品市场的家庭销售商品和服务,
that's anywhere goods and services are bought and sold.
产品市场是所有商品和服务被买卖的地方。
The households need to pay for those goods and services, but where do they get the money?
家庭需要支付这些商品和服务,但是他们的钱从哪里来呢?
The households earn the money by selling the resources, like labor, to businesses.
家庭通过向企业出售劳动力等资源来赚钱。
Now, this is done in the resource market.
这是在资源市场上完成的。
The businesses use the money they earn from selling products in the product market to pay for resources in the resource market,
企业利用他们在产品市场销售产品所得的钱在资源市场上支付资源,
and households use the money they earn in the resource market to buy products in the product market.
家庭用他们在资源市场赚到的钱去购买产品市场上的产品。
But there's another key player in the economy: the government.
但经济中还有另一个关键因素:政府。
The government also buys products and resources.
政府也购买产品和资源。
For example, they'll buy cars from businesses and hire government employees like policemen to drive them.
例如,他们会从企业购买汽车,并雇佣警察这样的政公务员来开车。
The government pays for public goods like roads and bridges and public services like firefighters and teachers.
政府支付公共物品,如道路、桥梁和消防员和教师之类的公共服务。
They also provide transfer payments to individuals in poverty
他们还向贫困人口提供转移支付,
and subsidies to businesses to produce things like fuel efficient cars.
并对企业提供补贴,以生产节能汽车等产品。
But where does the government get the money?
但是政府的钱从哪儿来?
Well, they get some of it from taxing households and businesses and they get some of it from borrowing,
他们从对家庭和企业的征税中得到一些,并且从借款中得到一些,
but we'll talk about that later. So basically, that's it.
我们待会再谈。所以基本上就是这样。
That's the circular flow of products, resources, and money,
这就是产品、资源和金钱的循环流动,
and the interactions between businesses, individuals, and the government.
和企业、个人和政府之间的互动。
Now, it gets more complex when you add in international trade and the financial sector,
如果你加入国际贸易和财政部门,情况会变得更加复杂,
but now, the simplified circular flow shows how the modern economy works.
但是现在,简化的循环流动显示出现代经济的运作方式。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
感谢“Thought Bubble”。
We've established that economies differ based on the amount of government involvement,
我们根据政府的参与程度,已经建立了不同的经济体,
but it's important to keep in mind that economies can change.
但重要的是记住,经济是可以改变的。
Over time, Denmark and Canada have adopted more elements of a planned economy, like universal healthcare.
随着时间的推移,丹麦和加拿大采用了计划经济的更多元素,比如全民医疗。
China, on the other hand, has added more free market elements to its economy
另一方面,中国为其经济增加了更多的自由市场元素,
and now has less government ownership and control of production,
政府对生产的所有权和控制越来越少,
so communist China actually has a socialist market economy.
所以共产主义中国实际上有社会主义市场经济。
But which type of economy is better and how much should the government get involved?
但是哪种经济更好,政府应该参与多少?
It's hard to find support for command economies outside North Korea, and may some nostalgic Cubans and Russians.
除了朝鲜,很难找到指令性经济的国家,也许有些怀旧的古巴和俄罗斯有。
Those who support socialism would point out Denmark's high standards of living and low income inequality,
支持社会主义的人会指出丹麦的高生活水平与低收入的不平等,
but free market enthusiasts might point out China's massive economic growth
但自由市场的狂热者可能会指出中国经济的巨大增长,
and growing middle class after backing away from central planning.
以及中产阶级在远离中央计划后成长壮大。
Ultimately, the optimal amount of government involvement depends on your personal values.
最终,政府参与的最佳程度取决于你的个人价值观。
For example, what, if anything, do you think the government should do to help people in poverty?
例如,你认为政府应该做些什么来帮助穷人?
Do you think it's up to each individual to provide for themselves, come what may,
你认为应该是不管发生什么,人们都自给自足,
or do you think the government should step in as a safety net and help pay for food and healthcare?
还是政府应该介入建立一个安全网,帮助支付食品和医疗费用?
What if the person made choices that got them in financial trouble,
如果人们做出的选择让自己陷入财务困境,
like gambling or made them sick, like smoking?
比如赌博或生病、吸烟,该怎么办?
Should society help then?
社会应该帮助他们吗?
Well, economists aren't really good at answering these types of questions. Sorry.
经济学家并不擅长回答这些问题。对不起。
It's not that they're heartless.
这并不是说他们没心没肺。
It's just they don't operate in the realm of feelings.
只是他们不在感情领域里活动。
In the words of economist Thomas Sowell, "There are no solutions, only trade-offs."
用经济学家托马斯·索维尔的话来说,“没有解决方案,只有权衡。”
Sure, it would be great if we could end poverty or provide healthcare for everyone,
当然,如果我们能够终结贫困或为所有人提供医疗保健,那将非常棒,
but we're gonna have to give something up in order to do it.
但我们必须放弃一些东西才能做到这一点。
Forcing car producers to meet emissions and safety regulations
迫使汽车生产商满足排放和安全规定
will increase production costs and likely increase the price of cars,
将增加生产成本,并可能提高汽车价格,
but it also reduces pollution and fossil fuel consumption,
但它也减少了污染和化石燃料的消耗,
which will hopefully improve public health and save money in the long run.
这将有望改善公共卫生,并在长期内节约资金。
There is always an opportunity cost, and deciding if it's worth it,
总有机会成本,并决定它是否值得,
well, that's up to you and your elected officials and a bunch of lobbyists.
这取决于你自己和你选择的官员及其游说者。
Deng Xiaoping transformed China from a country with debilitating poverty and famine to the economic powerhouse it is today.
邓小平将中国从一个贫穷饥饿的国家变成今天的经济强国。
Regarding this debate, he said, "It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, if it catches mice, it's a good cat."
关于这场辩论,他说,“不管黑猫白猫,抓住老鼠的猫就是好猫。”
Which makes me think about that green shirt, that was a good shirt. I'll be right back.
这让我想起那件绿色的衬衫,它很好。我马上换回来
So let's wrap this thing up.
我们总结一下。
In practice, almost all countries are somewhere
实际上,几乎所有国家都处于
between the extremes of a command economy and a completely free market economy.
极端的指令性经济和完全自由的市场经济之间。
That's because mixed economies seem best at handling the circular flow of goods, money, and resources.
这是因为混合经济体似乎最擅长处理商品、货币和资源的循环流动。
But the debate over free markets and government control will never end.
但是关于自由市场和政府控制的争论永远不会结束。
Well, actually, it will end, when humanity ends,
实际上,当人类结束的时候,它也会结束,
because microscopic organisms don't divide themselves into factions based on economic theory,
因为微生物不会根据经济理论分裂成不同的派别,
but anyway, that's why it's vital for you to be informed about the merits and the limits of economic systems
但无论如何,你了解经济体系的优点和局限性
and be willing to support solutions that get the job done, as opposed to getting stuck in one ideology.
并且愿意支持那些能完成工作的解决方案,而不是陷入一种意识形态,这就是它对你非常重要的原因了,
Economic theories and models can seem really great in the abstract,
经济理论和模型抽象来看很伟大,
but when they're kicked out into the real world and actually have to govern the affairs of billions of people,
但当它们被踢出现实世界,不得不管理几十亿人的事务时,
it turns out that some flexibility is a very important thing.
一些灵活性就变得非常重要了。
Thanks for watching; we'll see you next week.
感谢您的收看,我们下周见。
Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people who definitely appreciate a spicy title, wink, wink.
经济速成班是由一群好心人自创的,他们绝对欣赏一个火爆的标题,眨眼,眨眼。
And if you wanna help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever,
如果你想帮助所有人永远免费学习速成课,
please consider subscribing over at Patreon.
请考虑在Patreon订购。
Patreon is a voluntary subscription service
Patreon是自愿订阅服务,
that allows you to pay whatever you want monthly and make Crash Course exist.
这样你就可以按月支付任何你想要的东西,并且帮助速成课程继续存在。
Thanks for watching and don't forget to be irrationally exuberant.
感谢您的收看。别忘了“非理性繁荣”。

重点单词   查看全部解释    
irrationally

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adv. 无理性地,不合理地

 
cell [sel]

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n. 细胞,电池,小组,小房间,单人牢房,(蜂房的)巢室

 
poverty ['pɔvəti]

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n. 贫困,贫乏

 
exuberant [ig'zju:bərənt]

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adj. 繁茂的,丰富的,充满活力的

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circular ['sə:kjulə]

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adj. 循环的,圆形的
n. 传单,通报

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govern ['gʌvən]

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vt. 统治,支配,管理,规定
vi. 统治,

 
realm [relm]

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n. 王国,领域

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orderly ['ɔ:dəli]

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adj. 有秩序的,整齐的,一丝不苟的,和平的

 
wink [wiŋk]

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n. 眨眼,使眼色,瞬间
v. 眨眼,使眼色,

 
evolution [.i:və'lu:ʃən]

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n. 进化,发展,演变

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