2006年职称英语考试理工类(A级)试题及答案
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第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每 题1分，共8分） 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段1选择个最佳标题；（2）第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 The Science of Sport 1 At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens， the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 metres hurdles （跨栏） when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter （短跑运动员） Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast. 2 Record-breaking in all track events is Slowing clown and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless， every four years， records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what’s behind this never-ending improvement in performance？ And how long can we keep breaking records？ Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds？ 3 Most experts agree that it isn’t the athletes’ bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed， but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete’s body and mind but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance. 4 Scientists have shown that an athlete’s body’s needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training programme and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling， for example， are endurance （耐力） sports and require a different parathion （硝苯硫磷脂） to that of a 100-metre sprinter. In some sports， changes in techniques have significantly improved performance. 5 But in any sport， a player’s success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance~ For example， the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match， tennis players are encouraged to use visualization （想象） techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice. 6 But as science begins to dominate sport， are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition， the sporting challenge？ What’s more， are all these advantages fair？ 23 Paragraph 2 . 24 Paragraph 3 . 25 Paragraph 4 . 26 Paragraph 5 . A.Different sports require different training programs. 27 It is more difficult for today’s athletes 28 We don’t know if there is a limit 29 Research has helped coaches 30 Scientific advances are suspected A.to avoid psychological techniques 第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。 第一篇 Is the Tie a Necessity？ Ties， or neckties， have been a symbol of politeness and elegance in Britain for centuries. But the casual Prime Minister Tony Blair has problems with them. Reports suggest that even the civil servants may stop wearing ties. So， are the famously formal British really going to abandon the neckties？ Maybe. Last week， the UK’s Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull openly welcomed a tieless era. He hinted that civil servants would soon be tree of the costliest 12 inches of fabric that most men ever buy in their lives. In fact， Blair showed this attitude when he had his first guests to a cocktail party. Many of them were celebrities （知名人士） without ties， which would have been unimaginable even in the recent past. For some more conservative British， the tie is a must for proper appearance. Earlier， Labor leader Jim Callaghan said he would have died rather than have his children seen in public without a tie. For people like Callaghan， the tile was a sign of being complete， of showing respect. Men were supposed to wear a tie when going to church， to work in the office， to a party - almost every social occasion. But today， people have begun to accept a casual style even for formal occasions. The origin of the tie is tricky. It started as something called simply a “band”。 The term could mean anything around a man’s neck. It appeared in finer ways in the 1630s. Frenchmen showed a love of this particular fashion statement. Their neckwear （颈饰）impressed Charles II， the king of England who was exiled（流放）to France at that time. When he returned to England in 1660， he brought this new fashion item along with him. It wasn’t， however， until the late 18th century that fancy young men introduced a more colorful， flowing piece of cloth that eventually became known as the tie. Then， clubs military institutions and schools began to use colored and patterned ties to indicate the wearer’s membership in the late 19th century. After that， the tie became a necessary item of clothing for British gentlemen. But now， even gentlemen are getting tired of ties. Anyway， the day feels a bit easier when you wake up without having to decide which tie suits you and your mood. 31 The tie symbolizes all of the following except A.respect 32 Why does Blair sometimes show up in a formal event without a tie？ A.Because he wants to make a show 33 Which of the following is NOT a social occasion？ A.Going to church. 34 Who brought the Frenchmen’s neckwear to Britain？ A.Tony Blair. 35 When did British gentlemen begin to wear ties regularly？ A.After the late 19th century. 第二篇 Where Have All the Frogs Gone？ In the 1980s， scientists around the world began to notice something strange： Frogs were disappearing. More recent research has shown that many kinds of amphibians （两栖动物） are declining or have become extinct. They have been around for a long time - over 350 million years. Why are they dying out now？ Scientists are seriously concerned about this question. First of all， amphibians are an important source of scientific and medical knowledge. By studying amphibians， scientists have learned about new substances that could be very useful for treating human diseases. Further research could lead to many more discoveries， but that will be impossible if the amphibians disappear. The most serious aspect of amphibian loss， however， goes beyond the amphibians themselves. Scientists are beginning to think about what amphibian decline means for the planet as a whole. If the earth is becoming unlivable for amphibians， is it also becoming unlivable for other kinds of animals and human beings as well？ Scientists now believe that amphibian decline is due to several environmental factors. One of these factors is the destruction of habitat， the natural area where an animal lives. Amphibians are very sensitive to changes in their habitat. If they cannot find the right conditions， they will not lay their eggs. These days， as wild areas are covered with houses， roads， farms， or factories， many kinds of amphibians are no longer laying eggs. For example， the arroyo toad （蟾蜍） of southern California will only lay its eggs on the sandy bottom of a slow-moving stream. There are very few streams left in southern California， and those streams are often muddy because of building projects. Not surprisingly， the arroyo toad is now in danger of extinction. There are a number of other factors in amphibian decline. Pollution is one of them. In many industrial areas， air pollution has poisoned the rain， which then falls on ponds and kills the frogs and toads that live there. In farming areas， the heavy use of chemicals on crops has also killed off amphibians. Another factor is that air pollution has led to increased levels of ultraviolet （UV） light. This endangers amphibians， which seem to be especially sensitive to UV light. And finally， scientists have discovered a new disease that seems to be killing many species of amphibians in different parts of the world. All these reasons for the disappearance of amphibians are also good reasons for more general concern. The destruction of land， the pollution of the air and the water， the changes in our atmosphere， the spread of diseases - these factors affect human beings， too. Amphibians are especially sensitive to environmental change. Perhaps they are like the canary （金丝雀） bird that coal miners once used to take down into the mines to detect poisonous gases. When the canary became ill or died， the miners knew that dangerous gases were near and their own lives were in danger. 36 Losing amphibians means losing A.knowledge about fatal human diseases. 37 Amphibians lay their eggs A.in any stream they can find， 38 The arroyo toad is disappearing because A.it has been threatened by frogs. 39 Coal miners once used the canary bird to detect A.poisonous gases. 40 Scientists think that the decline of amphibians could A.cause environmental change. 第三篇 Controlling Robots with the Mind Belle， our tiny monkey， was seated in her special chair inside a chamber at our Duke University lab. Her right hand grasped a joystick （操纵杆） as she watched a horizontal series of lights on a display panel. She knew that if a light suddenly shone and she moved the joystick left or right to correspond to its position， she would be sent a drop of fruit juice into her mouth. Belle wore a cap glued to her head. Under it were four plastic connectors， which fed arrays of microwires-each wire finer than the finest sewing thread- into different regions of Belle’s motor cortex （脑皮层）， tile brain tissue that plans movements and sends instructions. Each of the 100 microwires lay beside a single motor neuron （神经元）。 When a neuron produced an electrical discharge， the adjacent microwire would capture the current and send it up through a small wiring bundle that ran from Belle’s cap to a box of electronics on a table next to the booth. The box， in turn， was linked to two computers， one next door and the other half a country away. After months of hard work， we were about to test the idea that we could reliably translate the raw electrical activity in a living being’s brain-Belle’s mere thoughts-into signals that could direct the actions of a robot. We had assembled a multijointed robot arm in this room， away from Belle’s view， which she would control for the first time. As soon as Belle’s brain sensed a lit spot on the panel， electronics in the box running two real-time mathematical models would rapidly analyze the tiny action potentials produced by her brain cells. Our lab computer would convert the electrical patterns into instructions that would direct the robot arm. Six hundred miles north， in Cambridge， Mass， a different computer would produce the same actions in another robot arm built by Mandayam A. Srinivasan. If we had done everything correctly， the two robot arms would behave as Belle’s arm did， at exactly the same time. Finally the moment came. We randomly switched on lights in front of Belle， and she immediately moved her joystick back and forth to correspond to them. Our robot arm moved similarly to Belle’s real arm. So did Sriniwlsan’s. Belle and the robots moved in synchrony （同步）， like dancers choreographed （设计舞蹈动作） by the electrical impulses sparking in Belle’s mind. In the two years since that day， our labs and several others have advanced neuroscience， computer science and microelectronics to create ways for rats， monkeys and eventually humans to control mechanical and electronic machines purely by “thinking through，” or imagining， the motions. Our immediate goal is to help a person who has been unable to move by a neurological （神经的） disorder or spinal cord （脊髓） injury， but whose motor codex is spared， to operate a wheelchair or a robotic limb. 41 Belle would be fed some fruit juice if she A.grasped the joystick. 42 The wires fixed under Belle’s cap were connected to A.a plastic box next door. 43 Which of the following is NOT true of the robot built by Srinivasan？ A.It was directed by signals converted from the electrical activity in Belle’s brain 44 Which of the following statements indicates the success of the experiment？ A.Belle responded to the robots successfully. 45 The short-term goal of the research is to help a person A.whose motor cortex is seriously damaged. |
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